黄土风化成土过程中主要元素迁移序列

主要研究了渭南黄土剖面中主要化学组分的分布特征、影响因素以及它们在风化成土过程中的迁移富集规律。结果表明：（1）在剖面中随着黄土与古土壤层的交替叠复，各组分含量由低-高或由高-低呈周期性变化。（2）碳酸盐含量的剧烈变化是影响黄土元素分布特征极为重要的因素，古土壤中一些组分的含量增高，主要是碳酸盐被强烈淋滤造成的相对富集。（3）在黄土风化成土过程中，CaCQ3、SiQ2、FeO、MgO、K2O、Na2O等本身的地球化学行为以迁移为主，而Al2O3、Fe2O3、TiO2等均以淀积为主。它们在黄土中的迁移能力有如下顺序：CaCO3＞FeO＞MgO＞Na2O＞K2O＞SiO2＞Al2O3＞TiO2＞Fe2O3。（4）除碳酸盐外，黄土风化成土过程中铁的变化比其它组分都明显，表现为价态以及形态的转化。铁的转化主要为就地完成．本身没有发生明显迁移。     

小型硫磺回收装置的设计与试运

介绍寒冷地区小型硫磺回收的设计特点，包括选用一、二、三级冷凝器同壳、低噪音鼓风机；试生产中的改进经验，包括过程气用蒸汽夹套保温，带有硫封的被硫储罐．     

利用硫铁矿渣（灰）制取海绵铁

结合硫酸生产的特点，充分利用废热的方法，提出一种采用流态化技术，还原回收硫铁矿渣（灰）中铁元素的工艺流程，并对流程中的流态化还原炉进行了初步的物料，热理衡算，同时对该工艺流程技术经济比较作了小结。认为此工艺流程技术可靠，有直接经济效益，对综合利用硫铁矿渣（灰）中的铁元素，消除渣（灰）对环境的污染，有着深远的意义。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定电镀废水中高浓度的锡

采用盐酸消解样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定电镀废水中高浓度的锡的质量浓度,方法简单可靠。通过实验样品的分析,验证了方法的准确度和精密度。该方法干扰少,数据准确,适合废水分析。     

Artificial neural network modeling of dissolved oxygen in the Heihe River, Northwestern China

Identification and quantification of dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles of river is one of the primary concerns for water resources managers. In this research, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to simulate the DO concentrations in the Heihe River, Northwestern China. A three-layer back-propagation ANN was used with the Bayesian regularization training algorithm. The input variables of the neural network were pH, electrical conductivity, chloride (Cl^?), calcium (Ca²⁺), total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and ammonical nitrogen (NH₄-N). The ANN structure with 14 hidden neurons obtained the best selection. By making comparison between the results of the ANN model and the measured data on the basis of correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE), a good model-fitting DO values indicated the effectiveness of neural network model. It is found that the coefficient of correlation (r) values for the training, validation, and test sets were 0.9654, 0.9841, and 0.9680, respectively, and the respective values of RMSE for the training, validation, and test sets were 0.4272, 0.3667, and 0.4570, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the influence of input variables on the dependent variable. The most effective inputs were determined as pH, NO₃-N, NH₄-N, and Ca²⁺. Cl^? was found to be least effective variables on the proposed model. The identified ANN model can be used to simulate the water quality parameters.     

’98重庆市的自然灾害与减灾对策

１９９８ 年夏季, 长江流域发生了特大自然灾害。地处长江上游之尾的重庆市,其灾情以山洪和滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等坡地灾害并发为主, 具有与长江中下游地区不同的特殊性。作者分析了重庆市灾情的严重性, 从自然环境和人类活动两方面分析了灾害成因的特殊性,在此基础上提出了坡地灾害的防治对策     

Propagation characteristics of subaerial landslide-generated impulse waves

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Subaerial landslide-generated impulse waves were investigated in a rectangular prismatic channel based on the Froude similarity criterion. Landslides were modeled...     

超重力技术治理火炸药行业氮氧化物的初步研究

火炸药行业排放氮氧化物(NOX)具有浓度高、排放点不集中和间歇排放的特点,采用超重力技术对尾气中高浓度的NOX进行湿法吸收.以清水为吸收剂,研究了进气量、液气比和超重力因子等因素对NOX吸收率的影响.结果表明,单级NOX吸收率可达64.69%(β＝90).超重力旋转填料床具有占地面积小、投资低和操作方便等优点,适宜于火炸药行业吸收NOX.     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.     

国外快速测定化学消油剂消油效果的几种方法

化学消油剂消油效果的现场评定方法必须满足适合现场操作、材料价廉易得、结果可靠准确等条件。对国外现有的现场快速测定消油剂效果的5种方法进行比较,结果表明,英国的佩内特鉴别法、挪威的菲勒溢出油检测装置和加拿大的梅蒂现场测定法存在一定的缺陷,不推荐使用。美国环保局的现场测定法(EPA FDET)简单、快速、准确。加拿大渥太华一家环境研究机构研制出的现场试验法比EPA FDET法耗时多,但原材料价格低廉,操作简单,结果可靠,值得推广应用。