有机硅助剂Breakthru S240对大型溞的毒性研究

参照OECD推荐的化学品对水生生物的标准试验方法,测定了有机硅助剂Breakthru S240对大型溞Daphnia magna的急性、慢性毒性和胚胎毒性,以期综合评价有机硅助剂对大型溞的毒性效应.结果表明:有机硅助剂对大型溞的48h-LC50值为1.218mg/L,为中毒.21d慢性毒性结果显示,有机硅助剂对大型溞的产溞量、产溞胎数、21d体长和蜕皮次数都有显著的影响,且随着处理浓度的增大而更加明显.母溞暴露Breakthru S240后,对F1(1st)代的生长和繁殖没有显著影响,但F1(3rd)代的恢复比F1(1st)代差,虽然Breakthru S240对F1(3rd)代生长影响不大,但对其繁殖有显著影响.这可能与母溞的暴露时间有关.另外,高浓度有机硅助剂对大型溞胚胎发育也存在一定的威胁,孵化抑制率高达68.50%.     

Assessment of hydrocarbon emissions from diesel invert mud residues treated in a bioreactor

Hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel invert mud residue (DIMR) were monitored while the hydrocarbons were being biodegraded in a solid‐phase bioreactor. Five to twenty percent of the reduction in diesel hydrocarbons was attributed to evaporation depending on the treatment, i.e. homogenization, cultivation, and aeration. Most of these volatile hydrocarbons were linear C₈ — C₁₂ alkanes and one‐ring aromatics. Of the treatments aeration had the largest effect on emissions; forced air through the bottom of the bioreactor cells increased emissions by three times over that of the non‐aerated cells. Cultivation increased hydrocarbon emission concentration as much as twofold over the pre‐cultivation value, however, emissions returned to the original levels within 12 hours. Homogenization had the least effect of all treatments. Diurnally, the emission rate was 40% higher in late afternoon than at midnight; the cause of which was probably atmospheric fluctuations such as temperature and solar radiation. The effects of daily atmospheric fluctuations were empirically modeled and taken into account for determining the total volume of emissions.     

日本农村循环经济系统磷代谢分析——以北海道中札内村为例

在介绍日本农村循环经济模式特征的基础上,采用物质流分析方法,选取日本典型农村循环经济模式进行磷代谢分析。结果表明,大量的堆肥和直接还田改善了畜禽排泄物和农村生活对水体环境的影响,但对于减少种植业引起的磷排放未起到关键作用。建议在建设新农村的同时,有必要考虑农村生活-种植业-畜牧业一体化循环经济模式,扩大农村生活废弃物的再资源化量,以减少对系统外环境的污染。     

北京市西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特性

于2012年3—12月在北京市西三环地区按粒径分6级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对颗粒物样品中16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃)进行分析. 结果表明:颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)(PAHs的总质量浓度)季节变化显著,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,并且与ρ(PM)(PM为颗粒物)呈良好线性相关;不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)呈向小粒子富集的趋势,PM_2.1中ρ(PAHs)约占ρ_sum(∑₁₆PAHs)〔6级颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)总和〕的64%~87%;除夏季3环PAHs占优势外,其他季节均以4~ 5环PAHs占优势;同时,随着粒径的减小,PAHs有向高环数富集的趋势. 运用主成分分析和多元线性回归法进行源解析发现,机动车尾气排放和燃煤是本地区大气颗粒物中PAHs的主要来源;不同粒径颗粒物中的PAHs来源有差异,2.1~10.2μm粒径段颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放,贡献率为63.0%;而1.3~2.1μm和<1.3μm的颗粒物中PAHs均主要来源于燃煤,贡献率分别为56.8%和58.7%.      

温度对烃类物质爆炸极限的影响及其预测模型研究

为研究温度对烃类气体爆炸极限的影响,利用爆炸极限测试仪对C1-C4烃类气体在20℃、60℃、100℃、140℃等初始温度条件下的爆炸极限进行了测试。结果表明:C1-C4烃类气体的爆炸下限在20-140℃范围内与温度呈线性关系,同一系列烃类物质,随着碳原子数的增加,同一温度下所对应的爆炸下限数值依次降低;对于相同碳原子数的烃类物质,相同温度下烷烃的爆炸下限数值高于烯烃的爆炸下限数值。此外,建立了高温条件下烃类物质爆炸极限的预测模型,为烃类物质爆炸极限的预测提供了一种方法。     

气浮净水高压射流溶气的可行性分析

利用CFD方法和Fluent软件模拟和分析了射流器在高、低压下内部和出口总体气体体积分数的大小和稳定性特点。通过比较高、低压射流溶气的相同点和差异,可得出结论:射流器高压(6～10 MPa)射流溶气是可行的,射流器出口的总体气体体积分数要大于低压(0.3～0.6 MPa)射流溶气,射流器在高压射流溶气下扩散管中总体气体体积分数的稳定性与低压射流溶气较接近。     

Urban forest in China: Development patterns,influencing factors and research prospects

Urban forest is a very important part of urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services. It benefits urban communities environmentally, aesthetically, recreationally and economically. This article reviews the development status, development patterns and influencing factors of urban forest in China. There are four typical development patterns of urban forest in China: the forest city, garden city, ecological economics and forest greenbelt. Social, climatic, economic and other factors influence urban forest development in China. Social factors include government behaviour, laws and regulations, science and technology, education and culture, public awareness and participation, ecological planning and management. Climatic factors include rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Economic factors include urban economic level and funding for urban forest. In future, government, NGOs and the private sector should be considered more in the planning and management of urban forest. The social, climatic and economic factors should be taken into account when improving urban forest management. Research on urban forest from the academic and the management viewpoint should be strengthened. This can improve the development and management of urban forest in China and in other developing countries.     

印染废水处理过程及排放水对草履虫遗传毒性评价

草履虫作为指示生物评估印染废水处理过程及排放水的毒性效应。急性毒性结果显示,原水、厌氧工段印染废水、好氧工段印染废水对草履虫的半数致死浓度(24h-LC₅₀)分别为54%、41%、98%;遗传毒性结果显示,印染废水原水、经处理的排放水在6.25%、12.25%稀释梯度下对草履虫造成的DNA损伤较对照组呈显著升高(p<0.01),而排放水对草履虫的DNA损伤较原水无显著性差异;草履虫增殖速率结果显示,印染废水排放水50%稀释梯度下对草履虫增殖速率有抑制作用。暴露于印染废水排放水中10%的草履虫其游动行为发生改变。以上结果表明,印染废水在经过处理后,理化指标均达到国家印染废水行业排放标准,但排放水仍对草履虫产生急性毒性,且遗传毒性较原水没有显著降低。水生生物毒性测试能有效补充理化指标评价,为印染废水行业全面达标排放提供依据。