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171.
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Francesca Bruno Peter Guttorp Paul D. Sampson Daniela Cocchi 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(4):515-529
The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the use of space-time models for a wide range of environmental
problems. The fundamental tool used to embody both the temporal and spatial components of the phenomenon in question is the
covariance model. The empirical estimation of space-time covariance models can prove highly complex if simplifying assumptions
are not employed. For this reason, many studies assume both spatiotemporal stationarity, and the separability of spatial and
temporal components. This second assumption is often unrealistic from the empirical point of view. This paper proposes the
use of a model in which non-separability arises from temporal non-stationarity. The model is used to analyze tropospheric
ozone data from the Emilia-Romagna Region of Italy. 相似文献
174.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the hemolymph of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus were recovered at about 0.9 μg/mL, being composed of a unique species characterized as chondroitin sulfate (CS) with a molecular
mass of approximately 31,000 and having glucuronic acid as hexuronic acid. This macromolecule was determined to be composed
of a low-sulfated polysaccharide made up of approximately 25% of the nonsulfated disaccharide, 17% of the 6-sulfated disaccharide,
and about 58% of the 4-sulfated disaccharide, with a charge density value of 0.75 and a 4-sulfated/6-sulfated ratio of approximately
3.4. The data obtained suggest that the CS recovered in the Planorbarius corneus hemolymph is similar to the main human plasma polysaccharide and it may be generated as a main product of the catabolic processes. 相似文献
175.
Karel Allegaert Anouk E. Muller Francesca Russo Sam Schoenmakers Jan Deprest Birgit C.P. Koch 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(9):1178-1184
Antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery aims to prevent post-operative site infections. For fetal surgery, this includes the fetal and amniotic compartments. Both are deep compartments as drug equilibrium with maternal blood is achieved relatively late. Despite prophylaxis, chorio-amnionitis or endometritis following ex utero intrapartum treatment or fetoscopy occur in 4.13% and 1.45% respectively of the interventions. This review summarizes the observations on two commonly administered antimicrobials (cefazolin, clindamycin) for surgical prophylaxis during pregnancy, with emphasis on the deep compartments. For both compounds, antimicrobial exposure is on target when we consider the maternal and fetal plasma compartment. In contrast, amniotic fluid concentrations-time profiles display a delayed and much more blunted pattern, behaving as deep compartment. For cefazolin, there are data that document further dilution in the setting of polyhydramnios. Along this deep compartment concept, there is some accumulation during repeated administration, modeled for cefazolin and observed for clindamycin. The relative underexposure to antimicrobials in amniotic fluid may be reflected in the pattern of maternal-fetal complications after fetal surgery, and suggest that antimicrobial prophylaxis practices for fetal surgery should be reconsidered. Further studies should be designed by a multidisciplinary team (fetal surgeons, clinical pharmacologists and microbiologists) to facilitate efficient evaluation of antimicrobial prophylaxis. 相似文献
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177.
The effect of acute ozone exposure (150 ppb for 3 h) on two clover species, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was investigated through the analysis of 10 different physiological and biochemical parameters. Twenty-four hours after fumigation, visible symptoms of injury on leaves were observed only in red clover, but from the biochemical point of view, both species revealed significant ozone-induced modifications. A decrease in the photosynthetic efficiency as well as an increase in the de-epoxidation index and a decrease in the redox state of ascorbate were detected only in T. pratense leaves; no significant change in pigment content was found in either of the two species. On the other hand, both white and red clover showed, although to different extents, significant decreases in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed not only that ozone affects both species, but also that they differentially respond to the pollutant, confirming the higher sensitivity of Trifolium pratense to ozone exposure. 相似文献
178.
Zauli Sajani S Scotto F Lauriola P Galassi F Montanari A 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(10):1236-1241
The rich regional air-monitoring network of the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy has been used to quantify the spatial variability of the main pollutants within urban environments and to analyze the correlations between stations. The spatial variability of the concentrations of the majority of pollutants within the city was very high, making it difficult to differentiate and characterize the urban environments and to apply legal limits with uniform criteria. On the other hand, the correlations between the fixed-site monitoring stations were high enough for their data to be retained generally very appropriately for controlling temporal trends. Starting from the high correlation level, a procedure was proposed and tested to derive pollution levels, using short-term measurements, such as passive samplers and mobile-station data. The importance of long-term statistics in urban air pollution mapping was emphasized. Treatment of missing data in time series and quality assurance were indicated as possible fields for applications for the correlation properties. 相似文献
179.
Beniamino T. Cenci Goga Francesca Clementi 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2002,15(3):303-313
We make many decisions in our livesand we weigh the benefits against thedrawbacks. Our decisions are based on whatbenefits are most important to us and whatdrawbacks we are willing to accept. Decisionsabout what we eat are made in the same way; butwhen it comes to safety, our decisions areusually made more carefully. Food containsnatural chemicals and it can come into contactwith many natural and artificial substancesduring harvest, production, processing, andpreparation. They include microorganisms,chemicals, either naturally present or producedby cooking, environmental contaminants, andpesticides. Since the chance of being harmed bythese potential hazards is called risk, riskanalysis might be better termed as the scienceof safety, because risk management is anessential part of it. It would, however, bedifficult and shortsighted to maintain thatquestions about risk and safety can have nomoral dimension. Risk and safety become mattersof moral concern when they raise furtherquestions about responsibility, accountability,and justifiability. The question of risk cannotbe ignored in any ethical investigation ofgenetic engineering, novel foods, animalwelfare, and individual choices. However, foodis more than metabolic fuel. It hasphysiological, psychological, social, cultural,and aesthetic associations that merge to form agestalt that people endanger and maintain. Thecontribution of any food towards anindividual's well being is as complex as theindividual himself. In this context, thebenefits of consuming food that containshazards may outweigh the risk. 相似文献
180.
Francesca Gringeri Pantano Pier Giorgio Nicoletti MARIO PARISE 《Environmental management》2002,29(1):116-131
Old, large, and dormant landslides were unexpectedly found in southeastern Sicily, a territory of known seismicity but commonly
considered as landslide-free or almost so. Purposely undertaken investigations revealed that: (1) these landslides are scarcely
compatible with the local geoclimatic environment; (2) they usually show low-angle basal shear surfaces, despite the fact
that the properties of the forming material are generally good; (3) they fulfill the known relationships between earthquake
magnitude and epicenter–landslide distance; (4) sources coeval with high-energy historical earthquakes occurred in 1169, 1542
and 1693 testify to the occurrence of earthquake-triggered landsliding; and (5) documentary material (presented here for the
first time) correlates with certainty a specific landslide to the 1693 earthquake. This geological and historical evidence,
accompanied by the absence of contrasting elements, leads us to conclude that these landslides are earthquake-triggered.
Because of their typological and geometrical characteristics, nearly all landslides can be reactivated, which has serious
implications in terms of hazard, particularly with respect to lines of communication. Obviously, every action aimed at preventing
or mitigating risks must start from the awareness of the causative processes, a condition substantially unsatisfied at the
moment in SE Sicily. The paper concludes by emphasizing the opportunity not to trust excessively beliefs that, although shared,
have never been really checked. 相似文献