The growing role of web‐based geospatial technology in disaster response and support

This paper examines changes in disaster response and relief efforts and recent web‐based geospatial technological developments through an evaluation of the experiences of the Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, of the Sichuan (2008) and Haiti (2010) earthquake responses. This paper outlines how conventional GIS (geographic information systems) disaster responses by governmental agencies and relief response organisations and the means for geospatial data‐sharing have been transformed into a more dynamic, more transparent, and decentralised form with a wide participation. It begins by reviewing briefly at historical changes in the employment of geospatial technologies in major devastating disasters, including the Sichuan and Haiti earthquakes (case studies for our geospatial portal project). It goes on to assess changes in the available dataset type and in geospatial disaster responders, as well as the impact of geospatial technological changes on disaster relief effort. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from recent responses and offers some thoughts for future development.     

不同类型除尘器改造为脉冲除尘器技术

介绍了除尘器改造的原则、技术和方法,并结合多个除尘器改造的工程实例,分享了不同类型除尘器改造为脉冲除尘器成功经验。经过改造的除尘器能够满足集气吸尘罩处风量的要求,减少了除尘器出口排放浓度,降低了除尘器的运行阻力。     

金属铁离子对农田土壤氮转化影响分析

以长春伊通河河谷阶地上部的农田土为研究对象,选用铁离子作为氮转化的一种影响因素,定性研究了不同浓度的铁离子对硝态氮、亚硝态氮、铵态氮三氮的变化影响。并且在建立方程组之后计算平衡常数,证明了铁的氧化作用,与实验所得相符合：铁促进铵态氮的吸附、促进硝化反应的进行。从实验和理论的角度说明了铁在三氮转化中起的作用,为进一步研究锰铁离子对氮转化的定量影响和氮素污染地下水的预测和定量评价提供科学依据。     

三峡水库库首水温监测及初步分析

水温是评价水库水生态系统影响的重要水质参数之一,为研究三峡水库库首水温分布状况,于2011年在距三峡大坝约为35 km处,对三峡水库建成后各个运行期库首水温进行了详细监测。研究发现：在已确定的三峡工程常规调度运行方式下, 12~4月库首底部形成明显的低温区域,3月表层和底部水温之差为全年的最大值208℃,最大温度梯度为0156。5月底部低温区迅速减弱,表层和底部水温之差小于10℃。6~9月期间,低温区一直处于减弱的趋势,水体垂向掺混逐渐增强,库首水温垂向分布基本均匀一致。但进入10月后,由于上游来流水温较低,水体由于密度较大而潜入底部对低温区域起到了加强的作用,致使表底层温差达到146℃。根据2012年3~5月对三峡水库库首茅坪断面水温监测数据可知,在横向断面上,水温几乎没有差别。在分析三峡水库库首水温空间分布时,可以近似认为其横向水温分布基本一致。为研究三峡大坝的建成对河道水温的改变以及坝前是否存在水温分层现象提供依据和参考     

An unusual high ozone event over the North and Northeast China during the record-breaking summer in 2018

Under the background of global warming, the summer temperature of the North and Northeast China (NNEC) has significantly increased since 2017, which was accompanied by the aggravated ozone (O₃) pollution. In 2018, the NNEC experienced a record-breaking summer of the past 40 years. Influenced by the abnormal high temperatures, a regional ozone event occurred on 2-3 August, over 63% of 79 selected cities in the NNEC were exposed to O₃ pollution, and the maximum value of MDA8 O₃ reached 268 μg/m³. Observations indicated that ozone concentrations agree well with the maximum temperature at 2 meters (MT2M) over NNEC with a correlation coefficient of 0.69. During the pollution episode, strong downdraft in the local high (35°N-42.5°N, 112.5°E-132.5°E; LH) over the NNEC created the favourable meteorological conditions for O₃ formation. By analyzing the horizontal wind and wave activity fluxes (WAFs) at 200 hPa, we found that the LH formation was resulted from the Rossby wave propagation from upstream along the mid-latitude Asian jet. The split polar vortex intrusion further strengthened the amplitude of the Rossby wave and reinforced the LH. Moreover, a secondary circulation between Typhoon Jongdari and the LH contributed to the enhanced LH with strong subsidence. On the other hand, the stratospheric intrusions under the deep subsidence also contributed to the enhanced surface O₃. In this study, the deep-seated meteorological dynamical mechanisms contributing to the abnormal high temperatures were investigated, which can lead to a better understanding of the regional O₃ pollution over NNEC under the global-warming background.     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of PM2.5 transport fluxes of typical inland and coastal cities in China

Local pollution and the cross-boundary transmission of pollutants between cities have an inevitable impact on the atmosphere. Quantitative assessments of the contribution of transport to pollution in inland and coastal cities are necessary for the implementation of practical, regional, and joint emission control strategies. In this study, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx), together with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), was used to simulate the contributions to pollution of different cities in 2016. The monthly inflow, outflow, and net flux from the ground to the extended layers served as the three main indicators for the analysis of the interactions of PM_2.5 transport between adjacent cities. Between inland and coastal cities, the magnitude of inflow and outflow are larger in the former than in the latter. The inflow flux in the inland cities (Beijing and Shijiazhuang) was 10.6 and 10.7 kt/day, respectively, while that in the coastal cities (Tianjin, Shanghai, Hefei, Nanjing, and Hangzhou) was 9.1, 3.3, 5.8, 4.4, and 3.7 kt/day, respectively. In terms of variation over the year, the strongest inflow in the BTH region occurred in April, followed by October, July, and January, while that in the coastal cities in YRD occurred in January, followed by October, April, and July. Therefore, based on the flux intensity calculations and the transport flux pathways, effective joint control measures can be provided with scientific support, and a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanism among inland and coastal cities can be acquired.     

Preparation of in-situ nitrogen-doped lignin-based porous carbon and its efficient adsorption of chloramphenicol in water

Porous carbon is an excellent absorbent for pollutants in water. Here, we report a breakthrough in performance of porous carbon based on lignin prepared using sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), potassium carbonate and melamine as precursor, activator and nitrogen source, respectively. A series of characterization tests confirmed that in-situ nitrogen doping greatly enhanced porous structure, resulting in a specific surface area of 2567.9 m² g^?1 and total pore volume of 1.499 cm³ g^?1, which is nearly twice that of non-nitrogen-doped porous carbon. Moreover, adsorption experiments revealed that at 303 K, the saturated adsorption capacity of chloramphenicol was as high as 713.7 mg g^?1, corresponding to an improvement of 33.7%. Further, the prepared porous carbon exhibited a strong anti-interference against metal ions and humic acid. The adsorption process was confirmed to be an endothermic reaction dominated by physical adsorption, indicating that an increase in temperature is conducive to adsorption. The results of this study show that nitrogen-doped lignin-based porous carbon prepared by in-situ doping is a promising material to significantly alleviate water pollution owing to its low cost, excellent pore structure and good adsorption properties.

     

结构物震害预测的灰色贝叶斯方法

本文提出了一种结构物震害预测的新方法。该方法棋于贝叶斯理论和灰色系统理论，可以充分考虑到某类结构物震害所表现出的共性和某一特写结构物所具有的特殊性，能作出较全面的反映结构物实际状况的震害预测。     

基于SPOT5影像多辐射校正水平的植被绿量遥感估算

选用南京市SPOT5图像的灰度值(DN)、星上辐射率(SR)、表观反射率(TOA)和地物反射率(PAC)数据,提取了两种植被指数(VI),即归一化植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI),并与地面实测的绿量(LVV)进行相关分析,建立了165个关系模型.结果表明,LVV与VI呈极显著的相关关系,其相关系数多以相对均质植被高于植被总体,基于灰度值高于常用的地物反射率为主.LVV-VI关系模型的R~2均值以多元线性回归模型最高(0.821),指数模型最低(0.536),而1～3次多项式模型均接近0.7.每种植被样方优选出一个模型,即阔叶林LVV-7.802 RVI_(PAC)-2.455(R~2=0.827,RMSE=0.498);针阔叶混交林LVV=-15.421 RVI_(TOA)+26.971 RVI_(DN)-8.261(R~2=0.918,RMSE=0.356);灌木LVV=-342.591 NDVI_(DN)~3-20.553 NDVI_(DN)~2+14.013 NDVI_(DN)+1.509(R~2=0.764,RMSE=0.689);草地LVV=2.934 RVI_(PAC)+2.147 RVI_(TOA)-3.193(R2=0.903,RMSE=0.464);总体植被LVV=1.789RVI_(PAC)-6.814NDVIs+4.258NDVI_(PAC)+12.854 NDVI_(DN)-0.342(R~2=0.810,RMSE=0.638).这些优选模犁的自变量包括了4种辐射校正水平下提取的两种植被指数,显示基于不同辐射校正水平的植被指数在植被LVV遥感反演中具有一定的应用潜力.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).