中欧节能减排政策比较

欧盟国家开展节能减排较早，并积累了丰富的经验。比较了在金融危机影响下欧盟与中国在节能减排法律框架、管理方式、经济政策、产业政策和技术创新方面的异同，提出中国应该借鉴欧盟国家的先进经验，完善现有的节能减排政策体系，实现经济和社会的可持续发展。     

Phosphorus availability changes chromium toxicity in the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most serious pollutants in aquatic systems. This study examined the relationship between the toxic effects of Cr on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris and phosphorus (P) availability on the algal physiology and ultrastructure. Cr inhibited C. vulgaris growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and its inhibitory effect was related to the P concentration. In a low-P medium, Cr showed approximately 2.2–3.7-fold stronger toxicity than in a high-P medium. Cr was absorbed into the algal body where it disrupted the chloroplast structure and decreased the chlorophyll content. However, Cr had a weaker chlorophyll inhibitory ability and destructive power against the chloroplasts in the high-P medium than in the low-P medium due to the partial blockage of Cr absorption in high P-medium. Cr exposure also changed the metal ion and anion absorption profiles, which was also closely related to the concentration of P. Cr treatment increased the volume of the vacuole, and the larger vacuole reduced the space available for chloroplasts, as based on optical and electron microscopy results, but a higher P availability could alleviate this damage. These results suggest that high P alleviated the toxicity of Cr by decreasing Cr absorption and increasing the absorption of beneficial ions. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the phosphorus availability when the toxicity of metal compounds is evaluated.     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China

Surface sediment (0-15 cm) samples were collected from 31 different grid points throughout the Yilong Lake in April 2004. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in order to study spatial distribution characteristics based on Kriging method and assess their ecological risks posed by these heavy metals. Results showed that the mean concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels. Patches of higher heavy metal concentrations occurred in the inflow area of the Cheng River and northeast area nearby the road and railway. The higher concentrations of As and Cr also appeared in the east area (lake outlet), while the patches of lower concentrations were uniformly distributed at the southwest corner between Luosewan and Xiaoguoxi. The heavy metal loads such as As, Cd and Pb might come from the common sources due to industrial sewage and traffic pollution, while higher concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn in these sediments were dominated by parent rocks. However, Cu originated from both sources. Sediments with respect to As, Cd and Cu were grouped below the effect range low (ERL) at all sites, and with respect to Cr and Pb were grouped into the range from ERL to the effect range median (ERM) at more than 50% of sampling sites. The mean heavy metal toxic units in the Yilong Lake decreased following the order Pb > Cr > As > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with higher contributions to the sum of toxic units of Pb, Cr and As.     

苏州城区水体感官质量评价及其时空变化

以苏州城区水体为研究对象,采用水体感官愉悦度评价方法对苏州城区水体水质的时空变化情况进行分析,并筛选出各季节中影响城区水体感官质量的关键因子.结果表明：研究期间苏州城区水体感官质量不断提高,感官愉悦度指数呈上升趋势,从2018年的49.7上升到2019年的57.6,且2019年感官愉悦度指数为60~80的数据占比显著高于2018年;苏州城区水体感官愉悦度指数季节性变化结果表明,冬、春季的感官愉悦度指数高于夏、秋季;苏州城区水体感官愉悦度指数空间分布规律为：古城北优于古城南,古城内优于古城外;各水质参数中,浊度对城区水体感官质量影响较大,平均占比达到40%.评价结果表明,苏州城区水体感官质量显著改善,但仍有进一步提升的空间,尤其是需要降低水中的悬浮物,提升水体的透明度.     

中青年人群对于地铁站疏散标识的决策行为模拟分析

目的是模拟分析地铁火灾时不同行为特点中青年人群对疏散标识的决策反应。方法采用构建地铁站台火灾时烟气蔓延的三维空间模型,在中青年人群中进行应急疏散的仿真实验,利用统计分析软件SPSSv14.0对采集到的数据进行统计分析。结果得到性别、成长环境和专业背景等不同人员行为特点与疏散标识决策反应的相关性,并对疏散标识的字体、图案特性进行选优。得出结论,性别、成长环境和专业背景与人员对不同疏散标识的决策反应有一定的相关性。图形为主要设计元素的疏散标识是地铁站台火灾烟气条件下疏散人员的优先选择。     

高温户外环境电网作业人员热应激预测评价*

为了预测分析户外高温环境下电网作业人员热安全风险,采用预测热应激（Predicted Heat Strain,PHS）模型,考虑人体基础代谢率个体差异性和人体移动与风速对服装热阻和湿阻的影响,应用改进后的预测热应激模型对多种户外高温作业环境工况和不同劳动强度下电网作业人员的核心体温、出汗量等生理参数和最大允许暴露时长进行计算分析。结果表明:在户外高温环境中,随着环境温度、相对湿度和新陈代谢率的升高,电网作业人员的核心体温也随之升高,湿热环境中风速的增加会加剧电网作业人员的热应激;当电网作业人员从事代谢率为240 W/m2高劳动强度工作时,可接受的最大工作时长相比代谢率为190 W/m2中度劳动强度工作时长减小50%以上。研究结果可为电网公司夏季户外工作组织策略制定和作业人员热安全防护提供参考支持。     

高原长大隧道尘肺病防治技术发展与应用研究

尘肺病防治是川藏铁路高原长大隧道施工的重大技术难点之一,新形势下防控技术需要向精细化、科技化方向发展。综合考虑技术经济性和可行性,以局部空间清洁为代表的卫生工程技术、以卫生信息化为支撑的施工健康保障技术、以识别监测为手段的卫生管理新方法,将为川藏铁路卫生保障提供技术支撑。     

湖南电网冰冻灾害及其应对措施的回顾与思考

本文介绍了湖南电网有史以来的冰冻发生年份、发生月份、发生地区等情况,分析了4次严重冰冻袭击对电网造成的影响,提出了问题与应对措施;根据电网规模不断扩大、科学技术不断发展和供电要求越来越高的情况,在总结几十年来防冻融冰经验的基础上,提出了“防、改、避、抗、融、备”6方面的冰冻灾害综合防御体系。