A systems approach to extraordinarily major coal mine accidents in China from 1997 to 2011: an application of the HFACS approach

This study aimed to provide a greater understanding of the systemic factors involved in coal mine accidents and to examine the relationships between the contributing factors across all levels of the system. Ninety-four extraordinarily major coal mine accidents that occurred in China from 1997 to 2011 were analyzed using the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS). The empirical results showed that the frequencies of unsafe behaviors, inadequate regulation and failure to correct hidden dangers were the highest among five levels, 14 categories and 48 indicators, respectively. The odds ratio technique was applied to quantitatively examine the relationships between contributing factors. Various statistically significant associations were discovered and should receive greater attention in future attempts to develop accident measures. In addition, several strategies concerning the main contributing factors and routes to failure are proposed to prevent accidents from reoccurring in an organization.     

从废次烟叶中提取茄尼醇的研究

采用有机溶剂浸取法从烟草废弃物中提取茄尼醇,对萃取溶剂和工艺条件进行了筛选,实验结果表明以石油醚作溶剂,提取时间3h,温度35℃为提取茄尼醇较适宜的条件,茄尼醇提取率达2．8％,溶剂回收率为68．6％。     

晚期垃圾渗滤液短程硝化生物动力学研究

通过对亚硝化反应器中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮变化趋势的试验研究,认为渗滤液中存在着可以转化成氨氮的有机氮,但有机氮的转化不是在瞬时完成的。利用劳伦斯-麦卡蒂模式求得模型参数为氨氮vmax=4.67 mg/(mg.d),Ks=464.4 mg/L,Y=0.1966 mg/mg,Kd=0.55384/d,通过模型得出了反应器内生物量浓度、出流水质与污泥龄的关系,以期为实际工程中垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮提供借鉴。     

Modeling soil conservation, water conservation and their tradeoffs:A case study in Beijing

Natural ecosystems provide society with important goods and services. With the rapid increase in human populations and excessive utilization of natural resources, humans frequently enhance the production of some services at the expense of the others. Although the need for tradeoffs between conservation and development is urgent, the lack of efficient methods to assess such tradeoffs has impeded progress. Three land use strategy scenarios (development scenario, plan trend scenario and conservation scenario) were created to forecast potential changes in ecosystem services from 2007 to 2050 in Beijing, China. GIS-based techniques were used to map spatial and temporal distribution and changes in ecosystem services for each scenario. The provision of ecosystem services differed spatially, with significant changes being associated with different scenarios. Scenario analysis of water yield (as average annual yield) and soil retention (as retention rate per unit area) for the period 2007 to 2050 indicated that the highest values for these parameters were predicted for the forest habitat under all three scenarios. Annual yield/retention of forest, shrub, and grassland ranked the highest in the conservation scenario. Total water yield and soil retention increased in the conservation scenario and declined dramatically in the other two scenarios, especially the development scenario. The conservation scenario was the optimal land use strategy, resulting in the highest soil retention and water yield. Our study suggests that the evaluation and visualization of ecosystem services can effectively assist in understanding the tradeoffs between conservation and development. Results of this study have implications for planning and monitoring future management of natural capital and ecosystem services, which can be integrated into land use decision-making.     

抗癌药卡培他滨对四膜虫的生态毒性研究

水环境抗癌药残留的生态毒性效应是当前环境领域研究热点。本文以四膜虫为模式生物,研究了抗癌药卡培他滨(CAP)对四膜虫的毒性作用。结果表明,0.25-16μMCAP对四膜虫的生长抑制无显著影响。CAP对罗丹明B在四膜虫体内积累的试验结果显示CAP对四膜虫的多药耐药性(MDR)的影响亦不显著。研究结果提示,要进一步探索敏感物种和敏感分子指标,同时考虑CAP代谢产物的生态毒性,为科学认识和评价抗癌药生态风险积累基础数据。     

大气环境容量核算有关问题探讨

大气环境容量核算是实现目标总量向容量总量管理过渡的关键,综述中国环境容量核算和管理应用的概况,得出中国大气环境容量核算没能有效地服务于环境管理的原因包括核算技术方法不支持长期总量控制、污染源数据及气象数据的可获得性影响核算的准确性、复合污染突出情况下容量核算难度加大;提出大气环境容量核算是一项长期的系统性工作,要积累污染源和气象资料,加强细粒子和氮氧化物污染机理的研究。     

Fenton反应-中和-厌氧生物法处理某高盐度工业废水

实验采用Fenton反应-中和-厌氧菌法处理某高盐度工业废水,考察了各因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,Fenton反应处理该工业废水的最佳条件是:n(H2O2):n(COD)=2:1,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=4:1,pH=3,反应时间采用120 min。Fenton处理后废水COD由24 230 mg/L下降到13 020 mg/L,去除率达到46.26%;所得反应液用Ca(OH)2中和沉淀后COD值降低到11 060 mg/L,去除率为15.05%;最后废水经稀释后进行厌氧菌降解处理,COD为1 625 mg/L的废水经厌氧菌6天处理后降为466 mg/L,去除率为71.32%,达到GB8978-1996中规定的COD三级排放标准。     

滦县地面塌陷成因类型及稳定性分区

地面塌陷是滦县地质灾害的主要类型之一,地面塌陷灾害孕灾环境复杂,致灾因子多样,承灾体脆弱,灾害后果严重。人为因素是地面塌陷的主要诱发因素。本文通过对滦县地区由开采铁矿和岩溶作用引起的塌陷现状进行了深入的调查分析,并在此基础上进行了地面塌陷的稳定性区划,为滦县地区地面塌陷灾害的综合防治提供了科学的依据。     

厦门市坂头水库和汀溪水库水中浮游藻类种群组成特征研究

2009年-2010年采集汀溪水库和坂头水库水样,制片,电子显微镜下观察,研究结果表明:汀溪水库藻类共有4门,其中,蓝藻门最多,其中的拟浮丝藻数量高达5.4×107个/L,其次是绿藻门,再次是硅藻门,甲藻门最少。坂头水库藻类共有4门,其中,硅藻门最多,其中的颗粒直链藻数量达到1.01×107个/L;绿藻门、甲藻门和蓝藻都非常少。根据指示藻类标准初步鉴定坂头水库和汀溪水库属于中-富营养化型(β-α-ms)水体。同时分析和讨论了藻类引起的潜在水质问题。     

Biosorption of uranium by chemically modified Rhodotorula glutinis

The present paper reports the biosorption of uranium onto chemically modified yeast cells, Rhodotorula glutinis, in order to study the role played by various functional groups in the cell wall. Esterification of the carboxyl groups and methylation of the amino groups present in the cells were carried out by methanol and formaldehyde treatment, respectively. The uranium sorption capacity increased 31% for the methanol-treated biomass and 11% for the formaldehyde-treated biomass at an initial uranium concentration of 140 mg/L. The enhancement of uranium sorption capacity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, with amino and carboxyl groups were determined to be the important functional groups involved in uranium binding. The biosorption isotherms of uranium onto the raw and chemically modified biomass were also investigated with varying uranium concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich models were well able to explain the sorption equilibrium data with satisfactory correlation coefficients higher than 0.9.