An Edge Effect Caused by Adult Corn-Rootworm Beetles on Sunflowers in Tallgrass Prairie Remnants

Abstract: The once-extensive tallgrass prairie community of North America has been reduced to small remnants, many of which are surrounded by intensive corn (   Zea mays ) agriculture. We investigated adult corn-rootworm beetles (Chrysomelidae : Diabrotica spp.), important pests of corn, on sunflowers (Asteraceae : Helianthus spp . ) in prairie remnants in southeast Minnesota. Large numbers of beetles invaded the prairie from surrounding corn fields in late summer. D. barberi and D. virgifera were captured on sticky traps in all locations in the prairie, but abundance was much greater near the edge adjacent to corn. We observed D. barberi ( but not D. virgifera ) feeding extensively on sunflower pollen and occasionally on other flower parts, such as petals. Sunflowers located nearer corn fields sustained more floral damage than those farther from corn. To determine the effect of beetle damage on seed set, we enclosed sunflower heads in bags with either zero, two, or four D. barberi adults. Seed set was reduced in heads enclosed with D. barberi . Thus, this agricultural pest may interfere with the successful reproduction of sunflowers and possibly other prairie composites that flower in late summer. Given the small size of most prairie remnants and the abundance of this flower-feeding beetle in landscapes dominated by corn agriculture, D. barberi may affect the sustainability of prairie plant populations.     

The response of sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) veligers to a weak thermocline in 9-m deep mesocosms

We examined the vertical distributions of scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) veligers in deep (0.6 m diameter, 9.5 m deep) polyethylene mesocosms from December 1991 to January 1992. In the mesocosms temperature stratification varied from 0 to 1.5 °C. Profiles of vertical distribution revealed several repeated patterns. Peaks in veliger numbers often appeared at the water surface and just above the thermocline. Higher density patches were seen below the surface peaks, and revealed the presence of bio-convective cells. Distribution away from these discontinuities was usually even. Distribution of veligers was affected by thermoclines above 1.0 °C. Responses to thermoclines varied with larval age and time of day, and 28 to 30 d veligers passed in both directions through a 1.5 °C thermocline. We conclude that larval behaviour is a major determinant of whether veligers pass through a thermocline. Kinematic viscosity may play a role in perception of temperature changes. Two potential consequences of such behaviour are (1) remaining in more productive upper water layers, where feeding opportunities are enhanced, and (2) increased horizontal transport in the region of the thermocline, which may enhance recruitment. Received: 15 May 1996 / Accepted: 11 May 2000     

Development of some natural matrix standards — Progress report

Substantial progress has been made in the production of environmental level, natural matrix, radioactivity standards of soil of low organic and low carbonate content, and of human lung and human liver. This is in response to the deliberations of the 1977 ICRM meeting at which the need for such standards was voiced and the criteria suggested. The soil samples have been reduced to optimum particle size and are ready for blending and standardization. A ten year supply of this standard should be ready in a year or less. Reducing the dried lung and liver to less than 74 μm has proven formidable because of the natural fat and oil content. Using cyrogenic milling techniques more than three quarters of the total mass of each has been reduced to the desired particle size; the balance will either be reduced or removed and we can then proceed to the final standardization.     

Phylogeographic structure of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, explained by sea level changes on the Sunda shelf

The phylogenetic structure of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris was established based on sequence data generated for the 5′ end of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene at 11 sites throughout Southeast Asia. Considerable genetic structuring was observed throughout the range of A. ocellaris. The region has a complex geography, with the Sunda shelf having been exposed during the lower sea levels associated with periods of glaciation. The direction of subsequent flooding of the Sunda shelf, as a direct consequence of the retreating glacial sheets, can be predicted based on the major river drainage systems in the region. Much of the phylogeographic structure, including levels of intra-site genetic variation, can be explained in terms of the “seeding” of sites on the Sunda shelf, by those on the shelf rim, as sea levels rose. We often found surface ocean currents in the region, which should influence larval dispersal, to be poorly correlated with phylogeographic structure. Several geographically close sites, which appear to be connected by surface currents, showed significant genetic stratification. We hypothesise that the phylogeographic structure of A. ocellaris is more reminiscent of the Pleistocene sea level changes than surface currents. The high contribution of sea level changes to the phylogeographic structure was also supported by several missing haplotypes in the generated spanning network. Cytb DNA sequences generated for recently recruited A. ocellaris individuals sampled from Singapore indicate that, on a local scale, there is a directional inflow of recruits, which is dependent on the monsoon seasons. The nature of dispersal and genetic structure of reef fish species found on the Sunda shelf is clearly complex, and should take into consideration past phylogeographic events. Received: 13 November 1999 / Accepted: 12 July 2000     

农作物保护产品安全与有效使用的管理

通过研究与开发，农作物保护工业开发了当在一体化农作物管理(ICM)框架内使用时会对可持续农业目标作出很大贡献的技术和方法.各成员公司采取措施，以确保开发与生产方法符合最高环境标准，并遵守所有层次的法规.农作物保护工业的管理项目力求确保农作物保护产品安全而有效地流通和使用，从而有利于农业生产，并对发达和发展中世界的环境保护作出贡献.     

Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning

Concern about pollution related problems in the global scenario are persuading all the processing industries to adopt cleaner manufacturing practices. Thus, the leather industry is also under pressure to look for effective alternative tanning materials for chromium. Natural products like vegetable tannins are regaining importance. However, there are limitations in the use of vegetable tanning materials because of its high organic load in the effluent, which are difficult to degrade leading to high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Moreover, conventional vegetable tanning process requires partial pickling that involves the use of sodium chloride, to suppress osmotic swelling. This results in very high amount of total dissolved solid (TDS) content in wastewaters. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to design an eco-friendly vegetable tanning process combining pickle-free tanning and application of proteolytic enzymes to improve the exhaustion of vegetable tannins. Such an approach has resulted in more than 95% tannin exhaustion in the case of the experimental process, an increase of 10% compared with the conventional vegetable tanning process. The tanned leathers showed slight improvement in hydrothermal stability. Physical and tactile evaluation of experimental leathers has been better than conventionally tanned leathers. Surface colour values illustrated negligible variation in colour and shade between control and experimental leathers. The resultant leather showed opened up, split compact fibre structure that has been well coated, indicating that the enzyme assisted tanning process did not bring about any major change or destruction on the fibre structure of the leathers. The optimized system has been field tested in a commercial tannery. The results showed that the enzyme assisted tanning process is efficient in terms of improved quality of leather and also led to reduction in total solids (TS), chlorides and COD loads. The enzyme assisted tanning system presented appears to be a viable option for combating pollution arising from the conventional vegetable tanning system.     

Metabolic fate of dichloromethyl‐0,0‐diphenyl phosphonate (I) and dichloromethyl‐0,0‐di‐(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphonate (II) in/on rice plants∗

Abstract

Metabolic fate of two dichloromethyl diaryl phosphonates (³²P labelled) in/on rice plants was investigated. The test compounds were found to be less persistent on the surface of rice leaves with half lives 7.4 and 6.7 days respectively. Main degradation product from both the phosphonates were dichloromethyl phosphonic acid with trace of dichloromethyl‐O‐aryl phosphonate as a transitory intermediate product.     

Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis deposits in a hardwood forest,after aerial application of a commercial formulation at two dosage rates

Abstract

A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (BTK), Foray® 48B, was sprayed aerially over four blocks B13, B14, B15A and B15B in an oak forest in Wayne County, Pennsylvania during May 1990. B13 and B14 were sprayed at 75 billion international units (BIU) in 5.91 litres/ha and the other two at 50 BIU in 3.94 litres/ha. Oak foliage was collected at different intervals of time after treatment. Three types of bioassays were conducted against fourth instar gypsy moth larvae, viz., direct feeding of sprayed foliage, feeding on diet containing homogenized foliage, and force‐feeding of foliar extracts. Larval mortalities were converted into international units of BTK activity per unit area (IU/cm²) of foliage. Foliar extracts were also subjected to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the concentration of delta‐endotoxin protein. Regardless of the type of bioassay used, bioactivity of BTK persisted in foliage for about a week in all the blocks. The half‐life of inactivation, DT₅₀, ranged from ca 12 to 22 h. The immunoassay data indicated a shorter duration of persistence (i.e., about 2 d) of the delta‐endotoxin protein, with DT₅₀ values ranging from 10 to 15 h. Formulation ingredients present in Foray 48B played a role in the toxicity of BTK to gypsy moth larvae.