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61.
Hirofumi Aizawa Hideto Yoshida Shin-ichi Sakai 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2008,52(12):1399-1410
The Japanese system of recycling home electrical appliances has several unique aspects, including (1) a limited number of target appliances, (2) a recycling fee system that requires consumers to pay a recycling fee at the time of disposal, and (3) a direct recycling obligation for manufacturers, who have a physical, rather than a financial, responsibility for their end-of-life products. We studied data from 2001 to 2007 and found that the amount of four specified home electrical appliances and their materials that was recycled increased from about 319,249 tonnes in 2001 to about 447,262 tonnes—or 3.5 kg per inhabitant—in 2006. Recycling yield and development of recycling technologies have also improved. New recycling technologies have enabled a higher rate of material recycling of plastics (i.e., a closed-loop recycling). Improved eco-design, such as design for easier disassembly, has been promoted, and the higher quality of discarded appliances has enhanced the reuse market. Hazardous substances and fluorocarbons are being well managed. Problems with the recycling system include inelastic recycling fees, illegal dumping, illegal transfer by retailers, and the limited number of target appliances. Recycling fees could be reduced; this move might reduce the incidence of illegal dumping, as would engage stakeholders in collaborative efforts against illegal dumping. Illegal transfers could be reduced by improved traceability for retailers. Products such as liquid crystal displays, plasma display panels and clothes dryers have become increasingly common and should be also be targeted for recycling. 相似文献
62.
mRNA expression of a cadmium-responsive gene is a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure in the soil collembolan Folsomia candida 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Taizo Nakamori Akira Fujimori Tadaaki Ban-nai Satoshi Yoshida 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1689-1695
The gene expression of environmental organisms is useful as a biomarker of environmental pollution. One of its advantages is high sensitivity. We identified the cDNA of a novel cadmium-responsive gene in the soil collembolan Folsomia candida. The deduced protein, designated “metallothionein-like motif containing protein” (MTC), was cysteine-rich and contained a metallothionein-like motif with similarity to metallothionein, but had a much longer sequence than metallothionein and contained repeated sequences of amino acids. Expression of MTC mRNA was sensitively induced by cadmium exposure at 0.3 mg/kg of dry food, a concentration at which toxic effects are not observed, but expression was not affected by γ-ray exposure (an inducer of oxidative stress). These findings suggest that MTC is involved in cadmium-binding processes rather than in oxidative-stress responses. In conclusion, we suggest that gene expression of MTC may be a candidate biomarker for detecting low levels of cadmium contamination in soil. 相似文献
63.
R. Grover L. A. Kerr K. Wallace K. Yoshida J. Maybank 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):331-347
Abstract Residues of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in air samples from several sampling sites in central and southern Saskatchewan during the spraying seasons in the 1966–68 and 1970–75 periods were determined by gas‐liquid Chromatographic techniques. Initially, individual esters of 2,4‐D were characterized by retention times and confirmed further by co‐injection and dual column procedures. Since 1973, however, only total 2,4‐D acid levels in air samples have been determined after esterification to the methyl ester and confirmed by gc/ms techniques whenever possible. Up to 50% of the daily samples collected during the spraying season at any of the locations and during any given year contained 2,4‐D, with butyl esters being found most frequently. The daily 24‐hr mean atmospheric concentrations of 2,4‐D ranged from 0.01 to 1.22 μg/m3, 0.01 to 13.50 μg/m3, and 0.05 to 0.59 μg/m for the iso‐propyl, mixed butyl and iso‐octyl esters, respectively. Even when the samples were analysed for the total 2,4‐D content, i.e. from 1973 onwards, the maximum level of the total acid reached only 23.14 μg/m. In any given year and at any of the sampling sites, about 30% of the samples contained less than 0.01 μg/m3 of 2,4‐D. In another 40% of the samples, the levels of 2,4‐D ranged from 0.01 to 0.099 yg/m. Only about 30% of the samples contained 2,4‐D concentrations higher than 0.1 μg/m3, with only 10% or less exceeding 1 μg/m3. None of the samples, obtained with the high volume particu‐late sampler, showed any detectable levels of 2,4‐D, indicating little or no transport of 2,4‐D adsorbed on dust particles or as crystals of amine salts. 相似文献
64.
M. Katsuyama H. Shibata T. Yoshioka T. Yoshida A. Ogawa N. Ohte 《Sustainability Science》2009,4(2):179-188
We simulated hydrological and biogeochemical responses to logging in a forested watershed to determine the vulnerability and/or
resiliency of the forest ecosystems in the Lake Shumarinai Basin in northern Hokkaido, Japan. We used a biogeochemical model
(PnET-CN) and a rainfall–runoff model (HYCYMODEL) to predict ecosystem responses. The PnET-CN model simulated well the observed
NO3
− concentrations in streamwater, particularly at high concentrations during snowmelt; however, the model could not simulate
small increases in NO3
− during the summer. By considering hydrological processes within the watershed and combining the model with the HYCYMODEL
(PnET + HYCYMODEL), the seasonality of streamwater NO3
− concentrations was better simulated. Using these models, the long-term effects of logging were simulated for coniferous,
deciduous, and mixed forests. NO3
− concentrations in streamwater increased in response to the logging disturbance in both coniferous and deciduous forests.
In the coniferous forest, NO3
− concentrations reached a maximum 10 years after logging, and high concentrations persisted for 30 years. In contrast, NO3
− concentrations in the deciduous forest reached a maximum within 3–4 years and recovered to pre-disturbance levels after 15 years.
We also used the models to determine the effects of different sizes and types (coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forest) of
logging areas on Lake Shumarinai. The model results indicated that large areas of cutting require more than 100 years for
complete lake recovery. Whereas the annual discharge to the lake minimally increased, the annual NO3
− load greatly increased. Our simulation results elucidate the vulnerability and resiliency of forest ecosystems and provide
valuable information for ecosystem management. 相似文献
65.
Fumiaki Kitahara Nobuya Mizoue Shigejiro Yoshida 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,159(1-4):331-340
We evaluated the quality of data being collected for the Japanese National Forest Inventory (NFI). The inventory program commenced in 1999 but has not incorporated a quality assurance (QA) program; we sought to determine what effect this was having on the quality of data being collected. Forty-eight plots in four prefectures were measured by operational field teams and then remeasured by a control team that made careful and unhurried measurements. The paired data were evaluated, including diameter, total height, tree count, species richness, and topographic condition. Compared to the control team, all field teams of each prefecture tended to significantly underestimate all of the continuous variables. Most variables had larger variability in the inventory data than has been reported in the published literature. The findings of consistent bias and large variation in the field team measurements call for urgent implementation of a quality assurance program (extensive field training and regular remeasurement) in the Japanese NFI to improve data quality, and this conclusion could be applied to the inventory system of any country that does not include a QA program. 相似文献
66.
A simple mathematical fate model, Multi‐Phase Non‐Steady State Equilibrium Model (MNSEM) is proposed to evaluate distribution, persistence, and concentrations of chemicals in a model environment consisting of air, water, soil and sediment phases. The model is applied to evaluation of environmental fate and concentration of trichloroethylene and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene under generic conditions representative of Japan. Evaluated chemical concentrations in air are within a factor of 3 of average values in Japanese atmosphere, and evaluated concentrations in water, sediment, or fish are greater than an order of magnitude below detection limits in real environments, so that evaluated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with environmental measurement data in Japan. Although MNSEM is not a model for site‐specific evaluation of environmental fate, results suggested that this model is an adequate method to aid in evaluation of fate of chemicals under generic environment conditions. Evaluated concentration‐profiles may be used to estimate average chemical exposure concentrations for humans and the environment. 相似文献
67.
Koji Tokimatsu Masahiko Aicha Kentaro Yoshida Masahiro Nishio Eiichi Endo Masaji Sakagami 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2016,23(6):541-552
We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20 s to 40 s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant. 相似文献
68.
de Oliveira Ana Carolina Salgado Ferreira Laura Fonseca de Oliveira Begali Danielly Ugucioni Julio Cesar de Sena Neto Alfredo Rodrigues Yoshida Maria Irene Borges Soraia Vilela 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(8):2546-2556
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Researches for the development of materials with less environmental impact have been more common. Pectin is a natural polysaccharide, presenting in plants... 相似文献
69.
Hideto Yoshida Kazuyuki Shimamura Hirofumi Aizawa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):101-111
Focusing on the promotion of the “3Rs” – reduce, reuse, and recycle – the authors summarize the policy that Japan has evolved
in waste management and recycling policy over the years. To realize an international sound material-cycle society (SMS), the
3R approaches should first be implemented in each individual country. After each country has established an SMS to the best
of its ability, contribution toward reducing the environmental load internationally, especially across all of East Asia, will
be achieved by having waste and recyclable resources that cannot be handled in one country effectively used or processed in
other countries. The current situation of international resource circulation is described and a concept of SMS at an international
level is proposed.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily the official views of the organizations with which
the authors are affiliated. 相似文献
70.