Adsorption and leaching of novel fungicide pyraoxystrobin on soils by <Superscript>14</Superscript>C tracing method

Pyraoxystrobin, (E)-2-(2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-yloxy)methyl)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate, is a newly developed strobilurin fungicide with high antifungal efficiency. It has high potential to enter soil environments that might subsequently impact surface and groundwater. Therefore, ¹⁴C-labeled pyraoxystrobin was used as a tracer to study the adsorption/desorption and migration behavior of this compound under laboratory conditions in three typical agricultural soils. The adsorption isotherms conformed with the Freundlich equation. Single factor analysis showed that organic matter content was the most important factor influencing the adsorption. The highest adsorption level was measured in soil with low pH and high organic carbon content. Once adsorbed, only 2.54 to 6.41% of the adsorbed compound could be desorbed. In addition, the mobility results from thin-layer chromatography and column leaching studies showed that it might be safe to use pyraoxystrobin as a fungicide without causing groundwater pollution from both runoff and leaching, which might be attributed to its strong hydrophobicity. High organic matter content enhanced pyraoxystrobin adsorption and desorption because of the rule of similarity (lipid solubility). In the column leaching study, 95.02% (minimum value) of the applied ¹⁴C remained within the upper 4.0-cm layer after 60 days.     

Photodecomposition of o-cresol by UV-LED/TiO2 process with controlled periodic illumination

This study investigated the effect of controlled periodic illumination on the photonic efficiency and temporal decomposition behavior of o-cresol by UV/TiO2 process in a slurry reactor using light emitting diodes as the light source. Based on the same UV light intensity of 6.7 W m(-2), the calculated photonic efficiencies increased from 1.5% to 6.3% with the decreasing duty cycle from 1.0 to 0.1 possibly ascribed to the decreasing electron-hole recombination. Actually, the calculated photonic efficiency under periodic illumination at sufficiently intermittence was inferior to, but approached, those under continuous illumination at equivalent average UV light intensity. The calculated electric energy per order increased from 32 to 37 k W h m(-3)order(-1) for experiments conducted with the increasing duty cycle from 0.1 to 1.0, and the electric energy consumption decreased significantly due to the lower duty cycle and average UV light intensity. The photocatalytic decomposition of o-cresol with the UV-light emitting diodes light could be well modeled by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic equation.     

Decomposition of phorate in aqueous solution by ozonation

Phorate (O,O-diethyl S-ethylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate) dissolved in aqueous solution was almost completely decomposed by ozonation to form various species within 10 minutes of reaction time for the experimental conditions examined in this research. The generation rate of sulfate was found to be fairly independent of solution pH value. However, the formation of phosphate and carbonate was more favorable for alkaline solutions where hydroxyl free radical is the primary oxidative species. The reaction rates increased with initial gaseous ozone concentrations, indicating the reaction was mass transfer-controlled within the experimental range of this research. Combining the analytical results by various instruments, including gas chromatograph equipped with an electron ionization detector (GC-EID), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC), the temporal sequence of phorate ozonation was proposed in this study. The oxidation of sulfur atoms on the phosphorus-sulfur double bond or carbon-sulfur-carbon bond by ozonation was found to occur at first to form sulfate and various intermediates.     

生物填料在重污染河道治理中的应用研究

将生物填料应用于城市重污染河道治理,研究了随时间的推移,填料垂直方向上生物膜的膜量、膜组成、膜活性变化规律以及生物填料对水质的改善效果.试验结果表明,该生物填料生物膜活性以比基质耗氧速率表示为0.153～0.174 mg/(g·h) .在挂膜进行到第40天、悬挂密度为24根/m2 时,对水质改善达到最佳效果,对TN、TP、COD、Chla、浊度的去除率分别为53%、35%、50%、5%、44%.     

土壤中咪唑啉酮类除草剂的分析及归趋研究

咪唑啉酮类除草剂具有较长的残留活性,研究其在土壤中的环境行为具有重要的意义.介绍了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的特性,评述了咪唑啉酮类除草剂在土壤中的前处理方法和分析方法以及该类除草剂在土壤中的吸附、降解和迁移特性,并针对目前的状况和存在的问题提出了今后的研究方向.     

An operational assessment of the application of the relative reduction factors in the demonstration of attainment of the 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1997 revised the 1-hr ozone (O3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to one based on an 8-hr average, resulting in potential nonattainment status for substantial portions of the eastern United States. The regulatory process provides for the development of a state implementation plan that includes a demonstration that the projected future O3 concentrations will be at or below the NAAQS based on photochemical modeling and analytical techniques. In this study, four photochemical modeling systems, based on two photochemical models, Community Model for Air Quality and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions, and two emissions processing models, Sparse Matrix Optimization Kernel for Emissions and Emissions Modeling System, were applied to the eastern United States, with emphasis on the northeastern Ozone Transport Region in terms of their response to oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic carbon-focused controls on the estimated design values. With the 8-hr O3 NAAQS set as a bright-line test, it was found that a given area could be termed as being in or out of attainment of the NAAQS depending upon the modeling system. This suggests the need to provide an estimate of model-to-model uncertainty in the relative reduction factor (RRF) for a better understanding of the uncertainty in projecting the status of an area's attainment. Results indicate that the model-to-model differences considered in this study introduce     

高铁酸钾降解苯酚的机制研究

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC),通过标准物比对法和添加标准物法,研究了高铁酸钾降解苯酚的开环产物.结果表明,高铁酸钾降解苯酚的主要稳定的中间产物有顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸和甲酸.并据此推导出苯酚被高铁酸钾氧化降解的可能途径.     

外商投资企业对中国环境的影响

随着外商在中国投资密度的增大,外商投资企业对中国环境必然产生一定的影响.中国在吸引外商投资的同时,不能只看到外商投资企业对中国环境的正面影响,还必须正视其负面影响,制定相应的对策,保护中国的环境.     

外源水杨酸对染铅小鼠抗氧化水平的调节

为了研究水杨酸对铅染毒小鼠体内抗氧化水平的调节,将不同浓度的水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)附加到醋酸铅溶液中对小鼠隔日灌胃1个月,测定了肝和脑组织抗氧化酶活性以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量,观察了核DNA的降解情况.结果显示,0.5mmol·L-1的水杨酸完全消除了铅(300 mg·kg-1)对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的抑制,使MDA含量维持在对照水平,核DNA降解明显减轻.这些数据显示,外源水杨酸可通过调节铅胁迫下小鼠体内抗氧化酶的活性而保护肝和脑组织免受铅引发的氧化胁迫伤害.