轨道交通列车内空气质量研究现状与展望

城市轨道交通因其运量大、效率高、能耗低等诸多优点,成为城市公共交通的主要方式,其中主要以地铁为主。虽然通勤者在地铁内停留时间短,但因列车及乘客的活动,其内自然通风不足,空气质量差,影响出行人员身体健康。研究表明：颗粒物（PM）、挥发性有机物（VOCs）和细菌是主要的空气污染物。其中,轨道交通颗粒物主要来源于列车与轨道之间的磨损,且颗粒物中金属元素含量丰富,遗传毒性较强。VOCs主要来源于地铁装饰物的挥发,细菌与真菌等主要受客流量、通风、温度等因素影响。此外,文章综合叙述了暴露于PM以外的各种空气污染物的健康风险。最后,指出进一步优化列车运行条件、开发先进的空气净化装置,是未来轨道列车空气质量研究与控制的方向。     

Influence of Agricultural Antibiotics and 17β-Estradiol on the Microbial Community of Soil

Agricultural pharmaceuticals are a major environmental concern because of their hazardous effects on human and wildlife. This study analyzed phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) and quinones to investigate the effects of a steroid (17β-estradiol) and agricultural antibiotics (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on soil microbes in the laboratory. Two different types of soil were used: Sequatchie loam (0.8% organic matter) and LaDelle silt loam (9.2% organic matter). The soils were spiked with 17β-estradiol and antibiotics, alone or in combination. In Sequatchie loam, 17β-estradiol significantly increased the microbial biomass, especially the biomarkers for beta proteobacteria (16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c, Cy17:0, and UQ-8). The coexistence of antibiotics decreased the stimulatory effect of 17β-estradiol on the microbial community. In LaDelle silt loam, there were no significant differences in total microbial biomass and their microbial community structure among the treatments. Overall, 17β-estradiol changed the microbial community of soil and the presence of antibiotics nullified the effect of 17β-estradiol. However, the effects of 17β-estradiol and antibiotics on soil microbes were sensitive to the soil properties, as seen in the LaDelle silt loam.     

Impact and Dynamics of Disease in Species Threatened by the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Abstract:  Estimating disease-associated mortality and transmission processes is difficult in free-ranging wildlife but important for understanding disease impacts and dynamics and for informing management decisions. In a capture–mark–recapture study, we used a PCR-based diagnostic test in combination with multistate models to provide the first estimates of disease-associated mortality and detection, infection, and recovery rates for frogs endemically infected with the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the pandemic amphibian disease chytridiomycosis. We found that endemic chytridiomycosis was associated with a substantial reduction (approximately 38%) in apparent monthly survival of the threatened rainforest treefrog Litoria pearsoniana despite a long period of coexistence (approximately 30 years); detection rate was not influenced by disease status; improved recovery and reduced infection rates correlated with decreased prevalence, which occurred when temperatures increased; and incorporating changes in individuals' infection status through time with multistate models increased effect size and support (98.6% vs. 71% of total support) for the presence of disease-associated mortality when compared with a Cormack–Jolly–Seber model in which infection status was restricted to the time of first capture. Our results indicate that amphibian populations can face significant ongoing pressure from chytridiomycosis long after epidemics associated with initial Bd invasions subside, an important consideration for the long-term conservation of many amphibian species worldwide. Our findings also improve confidence in estimates of disease prevalence in wild amphibians and provide a general framework for estimating parameters in epidemiological models for chytridiomycosis, an important step toward better understanding and management of this disease.     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

三江平原保护区社区居民对湿地生态系统服务功能的贡献意愿

为了解社区对维持保护区湿地生态系统服务功能的贡献意愿,研究选取三江平原5个湿地自然保护区及其社区,依据条件价值评估法设计双边界二分式问卷,进行实地走访调查,从居民社会经济背景等方面探讨影响贡献意愿的因素、居民支付意愿（WTP）和劳动意愿（WTW）的差异。结果表明：1）居民对湿地生态系统服务的劳动意愿（73.57%）高于支付意愿（55.65%）,居民的抗议支付率随WTP和WTW投标值增加呈上升趋势,人均WTP为387.25±7.08元/a,WTW为31.40±0.39 h/月;2）月收入水平较高及对支付金钱有较高接受程度的受访居民,其WTP相对较高;加入环保类协会、对付出劳动的接受程度较高、受教育程度较高及男性的受访居民,则有较高的WTW;3）49.46%的居民愿意同时贡献金钱与劳动,远高于其他贡献意愿类型。建议在保护区的资源保护与管理实践中鼓励社区参与,充分发挥社区居民乐于提供志愿服务时间的贡献意愿。     

改性生物炭对水体中抗生素的去除研究进展

随着社会经济的不断发展,抗生素造成的水体环境污染问题已不容忽视.利用生物炭去除水体中的抗生素是解决这一问题的有效手段之一.然而,原始生物炭对水体中抗生素等有机污染物的去除存在一定局限性,因此对生物炭进行改性以提升其吸附能力尤为必要.生物炭的吸附性能受生物质类型、碳化条件和改性方法等因素影响较大,导致目前虽然开展了许多相关研究,但结论不一,尤其是在不同改性生物炭对不同抗生素吸附机理的解释方面还不是很清楚,因此有必要对现有研究进行系统地归纳和总结.本文首先对用于抗生素吸附的改性生物炭制备方法及理化性质表征方法进行了介绍,综述了改性生物炭对不同种类抗生素(磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类)的吸附效果、吸附机理及其影响因素(如溶液pH值、热解温度、改性材料等),对比分析了生物炭改性前后吸附效果的差异,对目前改性生物炭用于去除水体中抗生素存在的问题进行了分析和总结,在此基础上,对今后该领域的研究和发展方向进行了展望,以期为将来开展相关的研究工作提供一定的参考.     

UASB反应器中厌氧氨氧化污泥的种群分析

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳、克隆和实时PCR等分子生物学技术对2个厌氧氨氧化反应器中的微生物进行了初步研究.变性梯度凝胶电泳结果表明,尽管2个反应器的接种污泥不同,但经过1年多的连续运行,二者的微生物种群结构基本相同;Planctomycete克隆结果表明,相似的15个序列(>99%)与已报道的3个属的厌氧氨氧化菌的序列均有较大距离(<92%),而与具有厌氧氨氧化功能的KSU-1序列有97%的相似,amoA基因克隆结果表明,反应器中的部分好氧氨氧化菌属于β-Proteobacteria中具有厌氧氨氧化活性的Nitrosomonas;实时PCR结果表明,厌氧氨氧化细菌占细菌总量的27%~29%,好氧氨氧化菌约为5%.     

无排泥条件下的膜-生物反应器系统处理焦化废水可行性研究

小试规模浸没式厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜-生物反应器(A1/A2/O-MBR)系统用于处理实际焦化废水,在无排泥条件下连续运行160 d.考察了长期运行条件下系统对不同污染物的去除性能,并通过亲疏水组分分离和三维荧光光谱法,对进出水焦化废水中溶解性有机物(DOMs)特征进行分析.结果表明,A1/A2/O-MBR系统能稳定去除88.0%±1.6%的COD,99.9%的挥发酚,99.4%±0.2%的浊度和98.3%±1.9%的NH4+-N,相应的平均出水浓度分别为249 mg/L±44 mg/L、0.18 mg/L±0.05 mg/L、1.0NTU±0.2 NTU和4.1 mg/L±4.3 mg/L;最大TN去除率可达到74.9%.在系统160 d运行过程中,MLVSS/MLSS维持在90.2%±1.0%,没有出现无机物的积累;污泥的表观产率(MLVSS/COD)逐渐降低并最终稳定在0.035 kg/kg.在焦化废水DOMs的疏水酸性、疏水中性、疏水碱性和亲水物4种组分中,疏水酸性物是进出水中最主要的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和色度组分,分别占进出水总DOC的70%和67%,总色度的75%和76%.三维荧光光谱分析表明腐殖质类物质是系统出水中残留的主要难降解有机物和致色物质.     

元素-锶同位素技术在农产品原产地溯源中的应用

农产品质量安全及其产地溯源是当今世界共同关注的问题。国际上,将元素-同位素技术应用到农产品溯源领域正受到极大关注。通过研究农产品原产地土壤、岩石、降水及地表水等环境因子中元素-同位素组成与农产品之间的对应关系,可定位农产品原产地及其生长地域环境地球化学特征。目前,追溯农产品产地的技术方法存在同位素分馏效应,人为干扰因素...     

土壤CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化及其相互关系

采用气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式土壤剖面CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化特征进行为期一年的观测.结果表明:土壤CO2浓度和地表CO2通量具有明显的季节变化规律,均表现为:从春季到夏季浓度和通量逐渐增加,而从秋季到冬季浓度和通量又逐渐降低,这与该区域的温度和降雨量变化趋势一致.不同土地利用方式土壤CO2...