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31.
32.
Salps have higher filtration rates than most other holoplankton, and are capable of packaging and exporting primary production
from surface waters. A method of kinematic analysis was employed to accurately measure salp feeding rates. The data were then
used to explain how diverse body morphologies and swimming motions among species and lifecycle stages influence salp feeding
performance. We selected five species, representing a range of morphologies and swimming styles, and used digitized outlines
from video frames to measure body-shape change during a pulse cycle. Time-varying body volume was then calculated from the
digitized salp outlines to estimate the amount of fluid passing through the filtering mesh. This non-invasive method produced
higher feeding rates than other methods and revealed that body volume, pulse frequency and degree of contraction are important
factors for determining volume filtered. Each species possessed a unique combination of these three characteristics that resulted
in comparable filtration (range: 0.44–15.33 ml s−1) and normalized filtration rates (range: 0.21–1.27 s−1) across species. The convergence of different species with diverse morphologies on similar normalized filtration suggests
a tendency towards a flow optimum. 相似文献
33.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
Harrad S Ibarra C Diamond M Melymuk L Robson M Douwes J Roosens L Dirtu AC Covaci A 《Environment international》2008,34(2):232-238
Because of the similarities in European and North American dietary exposure, it has been suggested that the order of magnitude higher body burdens in North Americans may be due to international variations in exposure via ingestion of indoor dust. Furthermore, ingestion of indoor dust has been suggested as a possible source of PBDEs in the blood serum of New Zealanders. Hence, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in domestic indoor dust from: Amarillo/Austin, Texas, US; Birmingham, UK; Toronto, Canada; and Wellington, New Zealand. Concentrations of BDE 209 in two UK samples were - at 520,000 and 100,000 ng g(-1) - the highest ever recorded in a domestic (or office) indoor dust sample. Median concentrations in ng g(-1) were: in Canada 620 and 560 for Sigmatri-hexa-BDEs and BDE 209 respectively; in New Zealand 96, BDE 209 not determined; in the UK 59 and 2,800; and in the US 1600 and 1300. With respect to BDE 209, concentrations were in the order: UK approximately US>Canada. For Sigmatri-hexa-BDEs, the order of concentrations was US approximately Canada>New Zealand approximately UK. Combined with principal component analysis of congener patterns, this suggests that, while North American dusts are contaminated by both Deca- and Penta-BDE commercial formulations, UK dusts are contaminated predominantly by Deca-BDE. The Octa-BDE formulation appears of minimal importance in accordance with available market demand figures. Despite the commercial formulations of PBDEs never having been manufactured in, nor imported into New Zealand, their presence in dusts from that country suggests international trade in PBDE-containing goods is an important pathway effecting their global distribution. 相似文献
34.
Sam Provoost M. Laurence M. Jones Sally E. Edmondson 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(1):207-226
In coastal dunes, landscape changes are a rule, rather than an exception. This paper gives an overview of changes in landscape
and vegetation with a focus on the past century. The history of dunes is characterised by phases of sand drift, alternated
with geomorphological stability. The historical development of dune woodland during these stable phases has been documented
for sites all over Europe. Vegetation reconstructions of historical open dune habitats however is very difficult due to limited
preservation of fossil remains. People have drastically altered coastal dune landscapes through centuries of exploitation
and more recently development of the coast. Historical land use has generally pushed vegetation back into a semi-natural state.
During roughly the past century a tendency of increasing fixation and succession is observed on coastal dunes throughout northwest
Europe. Six causes of change are discussed. 1) Changes in land use, mainly abandonment of agricultural practices, have led
to the development of late successional stages such as scrub and woodland. 2) Crashing rabbit populations due to myxomatosis
in the 1950s caused vigorous grass growth and probably stimulated scrub development. 3) A general tendency of landscape fixation
is observed due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. 4) Eutrophication, mainly due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition
is clearly linked to grass encroachment on acidic but also on some calcareous dunes. 5) The impact of climate change on vegetation
is still unclear but probably lengthening of growing season and maybe enhanced CO2 concentrations have led to an acceleration of succession. 6) A general anthropogenisation of the landscape occurs with rapid
spread of non-native species as an important consequence. The reconstruction of a natural reference landscape is considered
largely unattainable because of irreversible changes and the long tradition of human impact, in many cases since the development
of the dunes. Two contradictory elements need reconciliation. First, the general acceleration of succession and scrub and
woodland development in particular is partly caused by a decreased anthropogenic interference in the landscape and deserves
more appreciation. Second, most biodiversity values are largely linked to open, early succession dune habitats and are threatened
by the same tendency. Apart from internal nature management, in which grazing plays an important part, re-mobilisation of
stable, senescent dunes is an important challenge for dune management. 相似文献
35.
Helmi K Skraber S Burnet JB Leblanc L Hoffmann L Cauchie HM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,179(1-4):163-175
Starting in 2006, a monitoring of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occurrence was conducted for 2 years in the largest drinking water reservoir of Luxembourg (Esch-sur-S?re reservoir) using microscopy and qPCR techniques. Parasite analyses were performed on water samples collected from three sites: site A located at the inlet of the reservoir, site B located 18 km downstream site A, at the inlet of the drinking water treatment plant near the dam of the reservoir and site C where the finished drinking water is injected in the distribution network. Results show that both parasites are present in the reservoir throughout the year with a higher occurrence of G. lamblia cysts compared to C. parvum oocysts. According to our results, only 25% of the samples positive by microscopy were confirmed by qPCR. (Oo)cyst concentrations were 10 to 100 times higher at site A compared to site B and they were positively correlated to the water turbidity and negatively correlated to the temperature. Highest (oo)cyst concentrations were observed in winter. In contrast, no relationship between the concentrations of (oo)cysts in the reservoir and rain events could be established. Though a correlation has been observed between both parasites and faecal indicators in the reservoir, some discrepancies highlight that the latter do not represent a reliable tool to predict the presence/absence of these pathogenic protozoa. In summer 2007, the maximal risk of parasite infection per exposure event for swimmers in the reservoir was estimated to be 0.0015% for C. parvum and 0.56% for G. lamblia. Finally, no (oo)cysts could be detected in large volumes of finished drinking water. 相似文献
36.
Rubenstein LZ Vivrette R Harker JO Stevens JA Kramer BJ 《Journal of Safety Research》2011,42(6):493-499
Background
Falls are a common, serious, and often unrecognized problem facing older adults. The objective of this study was to provide an initial clinical and statistical validation for a public health strategy of fall risk self-assessment by older adults using a Fall Risk Questionnaire (FRQ).Methods
Adults age 65 + (n = 40) were recruited at a Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facility and at a local assisted living facility. Participants completed the FRQ self-assessment and results were compared to a “gold standard” of a clinical evaluation of risks using the American/British Geriatrics Society guidelines to assess independent predictors of falls: history of previous falls, fear of falling, gait/balance, muscle weakness, incontinence, sensation and proprioception, depression, vision, and medications. For the comparison, we used an iterative statistical approach, weighing items based on relative risk.Results
There was strong agreement between the FRQ and clinical evaluation (kappa = .875, p < .0001). Individual item kappa values ranged from .305-.832. After dropping one FRQ item (vision risk) because of inadequate agreement with the clinical evaluation (kappa = .139, p = .321), the final FRQ had good concurrent validity.Conclusions
The FRQ goes beyond existing screening tools in that it is based on both evidence and clinical acceptability and has been initially validated with clinical examination data. A larger validation with longitudinal follow-up should determine the actual strength of the FRQ in predicting future falls. 相似文献37.
Stéphane Pfendler Olympe Einhorn Faisl Bousta Abderrahim Khatyr Laurence Alaoui-Sossé Lotfi Aleya Badr Alaoui-Sossé 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(27):21601-21609
A laboratory investigation of UV-C effects was conducted over a 62-h period: a much higher dose than in classic UV-C treatment was applied to five pigments and two painting binders used by prehistoric humans. Colorimetric parameters were compared to a control to see if UV-C can change pigment and binder color. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma and X-ray crystallography were also carried out to confirm colorimetric measurement. In order to understand how microorganism may physically deteriorate paintings, limestone blocks were painted and monitored until their complete colonization by algae, cyanobacteria, fungi and/or mosses. The results show that UV-C has no effect on mineral compounds. Conversely, it is noteworthy that binder color changed under both UV-C light conditions as well as in visible light. Concerning painted blocks, a fast proliferation has been observed with deterioration of the paintings. These results show the high importance of treating biofilm as soon as possible. Moreover, these findings may be a promising avenue inducing cave managers to use friendly UV-C light to treat contaminated cave paintings and also in the prevention of biodeterioration by lampenflora. 相似文献
38.
Pfendler Stéphane Einhorn Olympe Karimi Battle Bousta Faisl Cailhol Didier Alaoui-Sosse Laurence Alaoui-Sosse Badr Aleya Lotfi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(31):24611-24623
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ultra-violet C (UV-C) treatment is commonly used in sterilization processes in industry, laboratories, and hospitals, showing its efficacy against... 相似文献
39.
Maria Sassine Laurence Burel Barbara D'Anna Christian George 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5468-5475
The kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous HCHO and TiO2/SiO2 mineral coatings were investigated using a coated-wall flow tube to mimic HCHO loss on mineral aerosol and TiO2 coated depolluting urban surfaces. The measured uptake kinetics were strongly enhanced when the flow tube was irradiated with 340–420 nm UV light with an irradiance of 1.45 mW cm?2. The associated BET uptake coefficients ranged from (3.00 ± 0.45) × 10?9 to (2.26 ± 0.34) × 10?6 and were strongly dependent on HCHO initial concentration, relative humidity, temperature, and TiO2 content in the mineral coating, which ranged from 3.5 to 32.5 ppbv, 6–70%, 278–303 K, and 1–100 %wt, respectively. The measured kinetics were well described using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type formalism. The estimated uptake coefficients were used to discuss the importance of heterogeneous HCHO surface loss, in terms of deposition lifetimes, as compared to major homogeneous gas-phase losses such as OH reaction and photolysis. It is found that deposition may compete with gas-phase removal of HCHO in a dense urban environment if more than 10% of the urban surface is covered with TiO2 treated material. 相似文献
40.
Liesbeth Weijs Sara Losada Krishna Das Laurence Roosens Peter J.H. Reijnders Javier F. Santos Hugo Neels Ronny Blust Adrian Covaci 《Environment international》2009,35(6):893-899
Harbour seals and harbour porpoises are top predator species from the North Sea, have long life spans and hence, are known to accumulate high levels of anthropogenic contaminants. To gain knowledge about the behaviour of naturally-produced compounds in these marine mammals, the biomagnification of naturally-produced methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) was assessed. The biomagnification of MeO-PBDEs (2′-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47) was lower in harbour seals (all biomagnification factors (BMFs) < 1) compared to the same age–gender groups of the harbour porpoises (all BMFs > 1). This may indicate a better metabolic breakdown of MeO-PBDEs in harbour seals, as was previously suggested for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In both predators, 6-MeO-BDE 47 had the highest concentrations (range: 45–483 ng/g lw and 2–38 ng/g lw for harbour porpoises and seals, respectively) compared to 2′-MeO-BDE 68 (range: 2–28 ng/g lw and 1–6 ng/g lw for harbour porpoises and seals, respectively). In general, the highest concentrations were found in juveniles, suggesting an increased biotransformation capacity with age or the influence of dilution by growth for both species. Here we show that naturally-produced brominated organic compounds can biomagnify and accumulate in North Sea top predators, although to a lesser extent than anthropogenic lipophilic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PBDEs. 相似文献