山西省2015年细颗粒物的污染状况和空间分布

大气污染因其对人体健康、生态环境和气候变化的影响而成为全球关注的环境问题,细颗粒物（PM_2.5）是雾霾产生的主要原因之一。为全面掌握山西省细颗粒物的污染状况与空间分布格局,本文运用统计学方法和Arc GIS技术,根据环境空气质量评价技术规范,对2015年山西省57个空气质量指数监测站提供的PM_2.5实时数据进行处理分析。结果表明：山西省PM_2.5的浓度有明显的季节性变化特征,由高到低依次为冬、春、秋、夏;PM_2.5月平均浓度最高值分别出现在1月和12月,且高值中心都位于运城;在空间分布上则表现为南部高于北部。全省11个地市级城市有9个超过国家二级标准,超标指数达到72%。聚类分析结果表明：山西省城市可以分为两大类,一类为产业结构转型良好的城市,如阳泉、朔州、吕梁、大同;另一类为第二产业发展粗放,工业污染严重的区域。     

三门峡库区河流湿地沉积物重金属赋存形态和风险评价

调查三门峡库区河流型湿地沉积物中重金属含量和赋存形态,通过污染指数评价沉积物生态潜在风险、表层重金属可交换态与碳酸盐结合态的质量分数评价其释放风险.结果表明,沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量分别为25.8～68.5、12.1～36.7、3.25～48.74、33.5～472.4、0.16～0.69和9.04～90.74 mg.kg-1.从三门峡库区上游至大坝坝前,沉积物重金属含量呈显著增加趋势.库区最大支流渭河入黄口下游沉积物中重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量高于上游.典型污染支流宏农涧河河口沉积物重金属累积明显,极有可能是该区域矿业发展的工业废水排放所致.沉积物污染指数(SPI)平均值为3.11,介于1.83～7.39之间,渭河入黄口下游沉积物重金属污染程度明显增加,宏农涧河河口沉积物SPI=6.33,处于中度风险.污染河口表层沉积物重金属碳酸盐结合态和交换态所占金属总量的质量分数分别为Cd 63.8%～85.7%,Cu 6.58%～22.62%,Pb 10.6%～28.9%,Ni 1.56%～3.02%.支流污染物排放引起重金属累积,三门峡流域下游沉积物生态风险增加,河口表层重金属释放风险由大到小为Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni.此调查可为河流沉积物污染治理和原位修复提供了参考和依据.     

中国地区经济差距及其演化的产业变动因素

20世纪90年代以来中国地区经济差距扩大具有深刻的产业变动原因。以人均GDP为基本指标,通过对基尼系数进行产业分解和对泰尔指数进行地区分解,深刻分析了1990~2004年中国地区经济差距的动态变化、地区构成和产业构成,揭示了中国地区经济差距及其演变的产业结构变动与产业地区集中因素。结果表明,1990年以来中国地区经济差距的决定性因素是第二产业发展水平的地区差距,而非农产业向东部沿海地区的集中又是推动中国地区经济差距扩大的主导性因素。20世纪90年代以来,随着以制造业为主的非农产业向东部沿海地区集中,中西部地区逐渐沦落为以农业与采掘业为主的外围区域,中国的地区经济差距也由此持续扩大。基于此,认为缩小地区差距的关键是推进中西部地区制造业发展,缓解非农产业地区分布的不平衡状况。     

Investigation of a ponding irrigation system to recycle agricultural wastewater

This article presents the results of natural carrying capacity of ponding irrigation system in Taoyuan agricultural zone, Taiwan. Both the systematic water quality and the ponding effects were examined. The ponding irrigation system included a flow channel and storage ponds. The data showed that most water characteristics deteriorated gradually from upper- to down-stream in the flow channel and the flow channel was not attributed to any self-purification in agricultural returning water practically. On the other hand, the results of storage ponds indicated that they can provide a natural treatment (i.e., the outlet water quality of the ponds is more desirable than that of the inlet). Consequently, the ponding irrigation system offers the natural self-purification in ponds to reuse and recycle the returning agricultural wastewater and to extend the irrigation capacity and efficiency.     

A new approach to characterize biodegradation of organics by molecular mass distribution in landfill leachate

This study provides biodegradability of organics in leachate according to their molecular mass distributions (<0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 3, 10, and >10 KDa). Organics with molecular mass values lower than 0.5 KDa were the predominant species in the raw leachate filtrate, and the aerated lagoon process was very effective in treating these highly biodegradable organics; the Fenton's oxidation process was very effective in treating not-so-biodegradable organics with molecular mass values higher than 0.5 KDa, but a portion of these organics were converted into organics <0.5 KDa after Fenton's oxidation. An oxygen uptake measurement using a respirometer was more sensitive than a conventional biochemical oxygen demand measurement to evaluate bioactivities, especially when bioactivities were low.