Seasonal variations of transport pathways and potential sources of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Chengdu,China (2012–2013)

Seasonal pattern of transport pathways and potential sources of PM_2.5 in Chengdu during 2012–2013 were investigated based on hourly PM_2.5 data, backward trajectories, clustering analysis, potential source contribution function (PSCF), and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The annual hourly mean PM_2.5 concentration in Chengdu was 97.4 mg·m^–3. 5, 5, 5 and 3 mean clusters were generated in four seasons, respectively. Short-distance air masses, which travelled within the Sichuan Basin with no specific source direction and relatively high PM_2.5 loadings (>80 mg·m^–3) appeared as important pathways in all seasons. These short pathways indicated that emissions from both local and surrounding regions of Chengdu contributed significantly to PM_2.5 pollution. The cities in southern Chengdu were major potential sources with PSCF>0.6 and CWT>90 mg·m^–3. The northeastern pathway prevailed throughout the year with higher frequency in autumn and winter and lower frequency in spring and summer. In spring, long-range transport from southern Xinjiang was a representative dust invasion path to Chengdu, and the CWT values along the path were 30-60 mg·m^–3. Long-range transport was also observed in autumn from southeastern Xinjiang along a northwesterly pathway, and in winter from the Tibetan Plateau along a westerly pathway. In summer, the potential source regions of Chengdu were smaller than those in other seasons, and no long-range transport pathway was observed. Results of PSCF and CWT indicated that regions in Qinghai and Tibet contributed to PM_2.5 pollution in Chengdu as well, and their CWT values increased to above 30 mg·m^–3 in winter.

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Effects of eggshell addition on calcium-deficient acid soils contaminated with heavy metals

The eggshell was used to remediate the contaminated soil by heavy metals. The eggshell addition decreased the available state of the heavy metals. The available calcium in the soil increased due to eggshell addition. The efficiency was investigated in different moisture conditions. In this study, effects of water conditions (flooded, wet, or dry) and eggshell dosages (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g/kg soil, respectively) on pH variation, content of unavailable state of heavy metals, form of heavy metals, and available nutritious element calcium (Ca) in acid soils contaminated with heavy metals were investigated, respectively. The soil samples were continuously cultivated indoors and analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the addition of eggshell could effectively improve the pH of acid soil and increase it to neutral level. Moreover, the contents of unavailable state of heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd increased significantly. Furthermore, when the soil was cultivated under the flooded condition with 1.0 g/kg eggshell, the unavailable state of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased the most, and these heavy metals were transformed into residual state. On the other hand, the amount of available state of Ca increased to 432.19 from 73.34 mg/kg with the addition of 1.0 g/kg eggshell, which indicated that the addition of eggshell dramatically improved the available state of Ca. Therefore, eggshell could ameliorate the soil environment as it led to the decrease of available heavy metals and improvement of fertilization effectively. In a word, this study indicates that the addition of eggshell would be a new potential method for remediation of acid field soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

堤基非稳定水压力传递滞后效应研究

洪水灾害过程中,堤防上游水头快速变化,作用在堤基土体上的水压力是非稳定的。选取常见的堤基砂土作为试验材料,利用自行设计的试验装置,研究洪水灾害时非稳定水头条件下,堤基无黏性土渗径长度、孔隙比、渗透系数以及颗粒粒径等因素对水压力传递滞后效应的影响规律。研究结果表明:土体颗粒粒径越大水压力传递滞后效应越弱,直径>2 mm的细砾土中水压力传递滞后效应基本可以忽略;上游水头水力梯度提升的越快,下游水压力启动和稳定滞后时间越短,但下游水压力恢复滞后时间越长;水压力传递滞后时间与土体孔隙比呈反比关系;下游水压力启动和稳定滞后时间与渗透系数呈对数关系。     

电除尘器的新技术及其展望

简要介绍并分析了电矩收尘、透镜式电除尘器、雾滴荷电等除尘理论以及电除尘器本体和供电控制方面的新技术,分析和展望了电除尘器的未来发展,可为我国电除尘器的研究开发和运行改造提供参考。     

基于热力荷载传递原理的能量桩长期响应研究

为研究能量桩的长期工作特性,通过引入Masing准则来建立桩-土荷载传递循环加卸载曲线,进而基于热力荷载传递原理来模拟循环温变荷载作用下能量桩的响应,然后基于现场原位试验,验证模型的可行性,最后研究不同冷热循环方式和桩顶荷载水平对能量桩长期响应的影响。研究结果表明:①循环温变荷载作用会使能量桩桩顶沉降和桩顶轴力不断增大,并最终趋于稳定;②相较于只提供制冷需求的能量桩循环方式,同时提供制冷制热需求的能量桩更容易引起桩顶残余沉降和残余温度应力的持续积累;③相较于桩顶轴力增量,建筑荷载的增大更容易引起桩顶残余沉降的积累。     

Hg2+和Pb2+对中国鲎N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的影响

节肢动物蜕皮与N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52,NAGase)密切相关。为了探究Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)这2种重金属离子对节肢动物NAGase的影响,以中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)为材料,从其内脏分离提取了NAGase。利用酶促反应动力学方法,研究Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase的影响;通过对酶荧光发射光谱的测定,研究NAGase酶蛋白经Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)作用后的空间构象变化。结果表明,Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase均有较强的抑制作用,Hg~(2+)对NAGase的抑制作用强于Pb~(2+),Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对NAGase的抑制作用均表现为可逆过程,其中Hg~(2+)对NAGase的抑制属于竞争性抑制作用,抑制常数KI为22.68μmol·L~(-1),Hg~(2+)只与游离酶结合,不与酶-底物络合物结合;而Pb~(2+)对NAGase的抑制是属于竞争性-非竞争性混合型抑制作用,抑制常数KI和KIS分别为19.13 mmol·L~(-1)和75.23 mmol·L~(-1),Pb~(2+)与游离酶的亲和力相比与酶-底物络合物的亲和力更强。NAGase经Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)作用后荧光发射强度均降低,但荧光发射峰值并没有发生位移,说明Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase的抑制作用均为酶蛋白空间构象的变化所致。这证明了Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase活力具调控作用。     

川滇黔地区突发性自然灾害的系统分析

本文从灾害链的角度闸述了该区的灾害类型及活动模式。在系统分析灾害对社会经济的影响后,得出因灾造成的损失,其比重是很大的。本区灾害具有强度大、突发性强、分布广、区域性强,以及同步迭加交替出现和周期性特点。在此基础上对灾害发展趋势作了预测,提出了相应的防治对策。     

热浮力罩电气自动控制系统的改造

热浮力罩是焦化厂推焦作业时重要的环保设备,由于种种原因,该设备的运行很难达到设计目标,武钢焦化公司针对以上情况对该公司2台热浮力罩进行了设备改造,并修改了电气控制线路,使该设备可以正常工作,对该公司的改造过程及相关问题展开讨论,并着重讨论电气自动控制系统的改进。     

日本兵库县南部地震中生命线系统的震害及其震后恢复

分析、介绍了兵库县南部地震中电力、通信、供水、煤气供用等生命线系统所遭受的破坏、震后采取的恢复重建措施和一个月内的恢复进展情况，总结了不同生命线工程的受灾规律和修复特点，在此基础上对制定城市抗震规范，作好城市抗震救灾工作提出了建议。     

云南大理地区地震中长期前兆现象分析

通过对大理地区多年来地磁场、重力场、地壳形变和地下水等地震前兆因素变化趋势的分析，指出大理地区是云南省未来１０年内发生强震危险性最大的区域之一。