异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除及重金属和盐度的影响

为探究异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合菌对尿素的去除效果,本文考察了混合菌(DM01+YH01+YH02)对尿素的去除特性,以及重金属和盐度对其去除率的影响.结果表明,当废水中尿素质量浓度为200.0 mg·L^-1,碳源为柠檬酸三钠、 C/N为10、温度为30℃、 pH为7和转速为130 r·min^-1时,尿素在24 h可以得到高效降解,去除率为91.8%;重金属离子(Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺)会降低混合菌对尿素的去除效果,影响能力的大小顺序为Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺>Ni²⁺>Zn²⁺,然而, Fe²⁺(<20.0 mg·L^-1)会增强混合菌对尿素的去除效果;盐度(>10.0 mg·L^-1)会抑制混合菌株对于尿素的去除.     

Precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – Sources and fate in a Swiss incineration plant

In Switzerland many kinds of waste, e.g. paper, metals, electrical and electronic equipment are separately collected and recycled to a large extent. The residual amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has to be thermally treated before final disposal. Efforts to recover valuable metals from incineration residues have recently increased. However, the resource potential of critical elements in the waste input (sources) and their partitioning into recyclable fractions and residues (fate) is unknown. Therefore, a substance flow analysis (SFA) for 31 elements including precious metals (Au, Ag), platinum metal group elements (Pt, Rh) and rare earth elements (La, Ce, etc.) has been conducted in a solid waste incinerator (SWI) with a state-of-the-art bottom ash treatment according to the Thermo-Re® concept. The SFA allowed the determination of the element partitioning in the SWI, as well as the elemental composition of the MSW by indirect analysis. The results show that the waste-input contains substantial quantities of precious metals, such as 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/kg Au and 5.3 ± 0.7 mg/kg Ag. Many of the valuable substances, such as Au and Ag are enriched in specific outputs (e.g. non-ferrous metal fractions) and are therefore recoverable. As the precious metal content in MSW is expected to rise due to its increasing application in complex consumer products, the results of this study are essential for the improvement of resource recovery in the Thermo-Re® process.     

Effects of nitrogen application rate and a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on methanotroph abundance and methane uptake in a grazed pasture soil

Methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) in the soil are a unique group of methylotrophic bacteria that utilize methane (CH₄) as their sole source of carbon and energy which limit the flux of methane to the atmosphere from soils and consume atmospheric methane. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen application rates and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on the abundance of methanotrophs and on methane flux in a grazed pasture soil. Nitrogen (N) was applied at four different rates, with urea applied at 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1 and animal urine at 300 and 600 kg N ha^?1. DCD was applied at 10 kg ha^?1. The results showed that both the DNA and selected mRNA copy numbers of the methanotroph pmoA gene were not affected by the application of urea, urine or DCD. The methanotroph DNA and mRNA pmoA gene copy numbers were low in this soil, below 7.13?×?10³ g^?1 soil and 3.75?×?10³ μg^?1 RNA, respectively. Daily CH₄ flux varied slightly among different treatments during the experimental period, ranging from ?12.89 g CH₄ ha^?1 day^?1 to ?0.83 g CH₄ ha^?1 day^?1, but no significant treatment effect was found. This study suggests that the application of urea fertilizer, animal urine returns and the use of the nitrification inhibitor DCD do not significantly affect soil methanotroph abundance or daily CH₄ fluxes in grazed grassland soils.     

Bio-based films/nanopapers from lignocellulosic wastes for production of added-value micro-/nanomaterials

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The growing demand for products with lower environmental impact and the extensive applicability of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have received...     

呼和浩特强对流天气的数值模拟分析

利用三维积云数值模式模拟了呼和浩特地区强对流天气的发展过程，并结合实时雷达回波资料进行了对比分析，指出模式输出的部分物理量与理论值、雷达回波或地面天气及降雹（水）实况符合得较好。从对模式输出的几个物理量的统计分析，得出利用三维积云数值模式预测强冰雹过程的概念模型。结果表明，三维积云数值模式能用于模拟对流云特别是强对流云的发展过程，可在人工影响天气业务工作中应用并不断发展。     

Translating habitat class to land cover to map area of habitat of terrestrial vertebrates

Area of habitat (AOH) is defined as the “habitat available to a species, that is, habitat within its range” and is calculated by subtracting areas of unsuitable land cover and elevation from the range. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme provides information on species habitat associations, and typically unvalidated expert opinion is used to match habitat to land-cover classes, which generates a source of uncertainty in AOH maps. We developed a data-driven method to translate IUCN habitat classes to land cover based on point locality data for 6986 species of terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. We extracted the land-cover class at each point locality and matched it to the IUCN habitat class or classes assigned to each species occurring there. Then, we modeled each land-cover class as a function of IUCN habitat with (SSG, using) logistic regression models. The resulting odds ratios were used to assess the strength of the association between each habitat and land-cover class. We then compared the performance of our data-driven model with those from a published translation table based on expert knowledge. We calculated the association between habitat classes and land-cover classes as a continuous variable, but to map AOH as binary presence or absence, it was necessary to apply a threshold of association. This threshold can be chosen by the user according to the required balance between omission and commission errors. Some habitats (e.g., forest and desert) were assigned to land-cover classes with more confidence than others (e.g., wetlands and artificial). The data-driven translation model and expert knowledge performed equally well, but the model provided greater standardization, objectivity, and repeatability. Furthermore, our approach allowed greater flexibility in the use of the results and uncertainty to be quantified. Our model can be modified for regional examinations and different taxonomic groups.     

编码水稻胞外核苷酸双磷酸酶基因的表达特性

NTPDase(Nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase,核苷酸双磷酸酶)在哺乳动物巾分布于细胞膜,可以水解细胞外ATP和其他核苷酸,从而调控胞外核苷酸代谢及信号应答.根据水稻NTPD基因序列设计引物,在不同胁迫条件样品中,通过PCR扩增水稻NTPD基因,结果表明水稻NTPD基因表达水平在盐胁迫样品中升高.为进一步分析水稻NTPD基因的功能,构建了该基因的过量表达、RNA干涉载体,通过根癌农杆菌介导转入水稻品种日本晴并获得阳性植株.半定量RT-PCR分析达到过量表达和干涉日的.在盐胁迫条件下,TO代过表达转基因植株表现出一定程度的抗胁迫能力,RNA干涉转基因植株的生长则受到抑制.图7表3参20     

Assessment of the leaching of metallic elements in the technology of solidification in aqueous solution

Results are presented of experiments performed to optimize the solidification/stabilization system for metallic elements in aqueous solution. This system involves mixing cement and a solution of metallic elements in a conventional mixer: the paste thus obtained is transferred drop by drop into a recipient filled with an aqueous solution of NaOH at 20% by weight, in which it solidifies immediately. The separate use of chloride solutions of Li+, Cr3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ makes it possible to obtain granules displaying various levels of compressive strength. Three different inertization matrices were used in the experiments, the first consisting solely of Portland cement, the second of Portland cement and a superplasticizer additive, and the third of Portland cement partially replaced with silica-fume and superplasticizer. The results of the tests performed showed a very low level of leaching into the alkaline solidification solution for Cr3+, the quantity leached being under 2% as against higher levels for the other metallic elements. For all the considered elements, the best results were obtained by using silica-fume in the inertization matrix.     

武都碾压混凝土重力坝抗震分析与安全评价

武都水库是四川省江油市境内的涪江干流上的大(1)型水利工程。汶川8级地震中,武都水库工程紧邻震中区附近,并正处于施工高峰期,大地震对武都水库工程已建和在建的40多个项目均有不同程度的损坏。分别采用水工建筑物抗震设计规范给定的地震动参数值和地震后复核确定的地震动参数值,对武都大坝进行抗震分析与安全性评价。计算表明,当设计设防加速度256cm/s2时,按规范规定的悬臂梁法进行抗震计算时,均满足现行抗震规范的要求。按平面有限元计算时局部拉应力超出规范的允许值,建议挡水坝段下游坝面折坡附近以及溢流坝段在导墙与边墩交接处附近提高混凝土的强度等级。鉴于坝踵、坝址部位局部范围内仍有较大水平的拉应力,建议自建基面的一定高度内应确保混凝土的浇筑质量,以确保大坝的抗震强度安全。