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81.
Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational study 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
Chow JC Watson JG Kuhns H Etyemezian V Lowenthal DH Crow D Kohl SD Engelbrecht JP Green MC 《Chemosphere》2004,54(2):185-208
Representative PM2.5 and PM10 source emissions were sampled in Texas during the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observa (BRAVO) study. Chemical source profiles for elements, ions, and carbon fractions of 145 samples are reported for paved and unpaved road dust, soil dust, motor vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, four coal-fired power stations, an oil refinery catalytic cracker, two cement kilns, and residential meat cooking. Several samples were taken from each emitter and source type, and these were averaged by source type, and in source subgroups based on commonality of chemical composition. The standard deviation represents the variability of the chemical mass fractions. BRAVO profiles differed in some respects from profiles measured elsewhere. High calcium abundances in geological dust, high selenium abundances in coal-fired power stations, and high antimony abundances in oil refinery catalytic cracker emissions were found. Abundances of eight thermally evolved carbon fractions [Atmos. Environ. 28 (15) (1994) 2493] differ among combustion sources, and a Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that these differences are sufficient to differentiate among several carbon-emitters. 相似文献
82.
Coral reef habitat mapping: how much detail can remote sensing provide? 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The capability of satellite and airborne remote-sensing methods for mapping Caribbean coral reefs is evaluated. Reef habitats
were categorised into coarse, intermediate and fine detail, using hierarchical classification of field data (percent cover
in 1 m quadrats and seagrass standing-crop). Habitats were defined as assemblages of benthic macro-organisms and substrata
and were mapped using the satellite sensors Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, SPOT XS, SPOT Pan and merged Landsat TM/SPOT Pan. Habitats
were also mapped using the high-resolution digital airborne sensor, CASI (compact airborne spectrographic imager). To map
areas >60 km in any direction with coarse detail, Landsat TM was the most accurate and cost-effective satellite sensor (SPOT
XS when <60 km). For maps with intermediate habitat detail, aerial photography (from a comparable study in Anguilla) exhibited
similar accuracy to Landsat TM, SPOT XS, SPOT Pan and merged Landsat TM/SPOT Pan. Landsat MSS was consistently the least accurate
sensor. Maps from CASI were significantly (p<0.001) more accurate than satellite sensors and aerial photographs. Maps with detailed habitat information (i.e. >9 reef
classes) had a maximum accuracy of 37% when based on satellite imagery, but aerial photography and CASI achieved accuracies
of 67 and 81%, respectively. Commissioning of new aerial photography does not appear to be a cost-effective option; satellites
are cheaper for coarse habitat-mapping, and detailed habitat-mapping can be conducted more accurately and cheaply with CASI.
The results will guide practitioners in matching survey objectives to appropriate remote-sensing methods.
Received: 11 July 1997 / Accepted: 6 August 1997 相似文献
83.
Polygyny in the great reed warbler,Acrocephalus arundinaceus: a possible case of deception 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary Polygyny was studied for 1 year in a great reed warbler population breeding in southern Germany. Data on various parameters of male and territory characteristics were collected and subjected to multivariate statistical analysis in order to assess their relative importance in female choice. Differences in territory characteristics appeared to be more important (Tab. 1), but there was a strong correlation between male and territory characteristics (Fig. 2, 3). Although the evolutionary advantages of polygyny to males are obvious (Fig. 5), those to females are far from clear. Models based upon the polygyny threshold and sexy son hypotheses predict that females should gain evolutionary advantage in either the short or long-term. Our data did not confirm such predictions, and secondary females showed greatly reduced breeding success (Fig. 4). If females were able to assess the status of mated males, they should instead select unmated males. Great reed warblers are a migrant species with a short breeding cycle in which the male plays relatively little part. They defend large territories in reed beds where visibility is reduced. These factors may permit males to practice a form of deception, by moving and attracting a second female who has little chance to assess that he is already mated. 相似文献
84.
Using GIS for siting artificial reefs—Data issues, problems and solutions: ‘Real World’ to ‘Real World’ 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As GIS becomes an increasingly more ‘user-friendly’ tool, and more people recognize the benefits of the technology in their
work environment, inevitably greater use will be made of it for a wide range of applications. The ease with which a GIS can
now be used often overshadows the complexity underlying this technology and the potential difficulties that can (and do) arise
when this is not fully understood. In practice, there are two routes open to the application of GIS technology for environmental
studies. The first is to commission new data for the research. The second is to make use of existing data sets. Data are at
the heart of any GIS application. A detailed knowledge about the data sources, the method of collection, capture, scale and
sampling strategy, especially if the data are to be used in any analysis, modelling or simulation studies, is fundamental
to any application. Unfortunately, information about data (metadata) is seldom available, especially for archival or legacy
data sets. Furthermore, although it is now relatively easy to acquire digital data, to input, store, manipulate and display
this data, and to output the results of any GIS analysis in the practical sense, little consideration is given to the problems
associated with data quality and how this will ultimately affect present and future analyses and use of the output for planning
and decision-making. The need to raise awareness about data quality for applications is set in the context of the development
of an environmental database for the Moray Firth. Northeast Scotland, and more specifically the use of selected data sets
from the database to aid in the proposed siting of an artificial reef. Using this example, this contribution explores the
problems associated with the use of both existing analog and digital data sets as the basis for environmental applications,
the problems of data acquisition, data quality, data standards, error and how these can affect the operational use of the
data in GIS analyses. The solution to such problems appears to lie with improved error assessment and reporting. The outcome
of this contribution is an attempt to offer guidance and solutions to researchers and applications specialists undertaking
similar studies, by suggesting to what extent studies, such as the artificial reef siting, can safely make use of existing
data sets without risking the problems associated with judgements based on inadequate information, and generated or inherent
error. 相似文献
85.
86.
We report a female infant noted prenatally to have an umbilical cord mass. At birth, a labial strawberry haemangioma was noted. She subsequently developed an abdominal mass which was discovered to be a proliferating haemangioma, continuous with both the labial and the umbilical stump lesions. 相似文献
87.
88.
E.S. Winkler T.L Potter P.L.M. Veneman 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1115-1170
Abstract Fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (TCIN) binding to dissolved organic acid fractions was quantified using gas‐purge desorption studies. Binding studies were conducted to measure the dissolved organic carbon partition constant (KDOC) with aquatic fulvic and humic acid fractions purified from cranberry bog water. Desorption studies at DOC concentrations up to 50 mg L‐1 resulted in mean log KDOC values of 4.63 (s.d.=0.5, n=8) and 4.81 (s.d.=0.7, n=7) for fulvic and humic acids, respectively. These values deviated from reported KOC (organic carbon) values by 0.5 to 1.5 orders of magnitude. The relationship between KOC and KDOC did not conform to accepted ratios of 10: 1 to 3: 1, although these studies were conducted with the strong hydrophobic fraction of DOC. Binding was rapid suggesting hydrophobic partitioning or weak Van Der Waals forces as binding mechanisms. The strong binding potential for TCIN to aquatic humic substances corresponds to increased solubility in the aqueous system. Sorption to DOC suggests a possible transport mechanism which may result in elevated concentrations of TCIN in cranberry bog systems. 相似文献
89.
90.
Aelion CM Davis HT Flora JR Kirtland BC Amidon MB 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):186-193
Macrocapsules, composed of a pH-sensitive polymer and phosphate buffer, offer a novel remediation alternative for acidic ground waters. To test their potential effectiveness, laboratory experiments were carried out followed by a field trial within a coal pile runoff (CPR) acidic contaminant plume. Results of traditional limestone and macrocapsule treatments were compared in both laboratory and field experiments. Macrocapsules were more effective than limestone as a passive treatment for raising pH in well water from 2.5 to 6 in both laboratory and field experiments. The limestone treatments had limited impact on pH, only increasing pH as high as 3.3, and armoring by iron was evident in the field trial. Aluminum, iron and sulfate concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the experiments, but phosphate increased (0.15-32 mg/L), indicating macrocapsule release. This research confirmed that macrocapsules may be an effective alternative to limestone to treat highly acidic ground water. 相似文献