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41.
Natalie T Boelman Gregory P Asner Patrick J Hart Roberta E Martin 《Ecological applications》2007,17(8):2137-2144
We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR), along with bioacoustic recordings, to determine how a plant species invasion affects avian abundance and community composition across a range of Hawaiian submontane ecosystems. Total avian abundance and the ratio of native to exotic avifauna were highest in habitats with the highest canopy cover and height. Comparing biophysically equivalent sites, stands dominated by native Metrosideros polymorpha trees hosted larger native avian communities than did mixed stands of Metrosideros and the invasive tree Morella faya. A multi-trophic analysis strongly suggests that native avifauna provide biotic resistance against the invasion of Morella trees and exotic birds, thus slowing invasion "meltdowns" that disrupt the functioning of native Hawaiian ecosystems. 相似文献
42.
Benjamin A. Lyons Ariel Hasell Natalie Jomini Stroud 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(7):876-894
Some extreme weather events may be more likely to affect climate change beliefs than others, in part because schema individuals possess for different events could vary in encouraging such links. Using a representative sample of U.S. adults and geocoded National Weather Service data, we examine how a range of extreme weather event categories relate to climate change beliefs, and the degree to which individuals’ self-reported experiences are shaped by their political views across event types. For tornado, hurricane, and flood events, we find no link with beliefs. For polar vortex and drought events, we find that although self-reported experience is linked with climate beliefs, reporting of these experiences is influenced by political identity and partisan news exposure. These findings underscore a limited role for extreme weather experiences in climate beliefs, and show that events more open to interpretation, such as droughts and polar vortex disturbances, are most likely to be seen through a partisan lens. 相似文献
43.
Reliable sampling of nematode communities in crop-loss assessment provides basic characterization of the population dynamics and damage potential of given species in a particular host—cultivar environment. Loss assessments for annual plants may be based on samples taken at: (1) time of planting; (2) mid-season (where nematicide or resistant-cultivar treatments are used); and (3) at harvest. Population levels at, or shortly after, harvest are most useful in projecting nematode hazards for a subsequent crop, especially where survival rates are known. Root symptoms, root-gall or root-necrosis indices, taken at mid-season or at harvest also can be correlated with yield losses caused by Meloidogyne spp. and associated fungi. A composite sample of 20 to 50 soil cores (2.5 cm diameter × 20 cm deep) collected in a stratified or systematic pattern over a 1- to 2-ha area provides nematode population estimates within about 30–50% of the mean. The major problems encountered in relating these estimates to potential hazards and eventual crop losses are related to the striking variation in crop-nematode responses as influenced by environment, cultivar, and general crop-management practices. Relative precision in crop-loss assessment should be improved as more research on crop-nematode responses and sampling methodology is completed. 相似文献
44.
45.
During commercial handling of Nephropsnorvegicus (L.) there are a number of situations when the prawns may be exposed to very high ambient ammonia levels. These experiments
evaluated the effects of increased levels of ambient total ammonia (TA = NH3 + NH4
+) on␣blood ammonia, ammonia efflux rates and on the cardio-ventilatory performance of N. norvegicus. When prawns were taken from <1 to 2000 μmol TA l−1 medium, blood TA concentrations increased rapidly for the first 2 h but tended to drop thereafter. Original blood TA levels
were restored 6 h after the prawns were transferred back from seawater containing 2000 to <1 μmol TA l−1. Sudden exposure to 500, 1000, 2000 or 4000 μmol TA l−1 medium induced blood TA concentrations to increase respectively to 50, 30, 33 and 36% of external concentrations (normally,
internal TA values are much higher than external levels). Immediately after transfer back to seawater with low ammonia concentration
( <1 μmol TA l−1), excretion rates were higher than those of control prawns, and the absolute amounts of TA excreted were considerably higher
than those calculated to have accumulated in the haemolymph. Heart rate (HR) and scaphognathite rate (SR) were not altered
when prawns were subjected to sudden alterations in ambient ammonia ( <1 to 2000 to <1 μmol TA l−1). When water ammonia concentrations were altered more gradually, both rates increased, but only at 4000 μmol TA l−1. These results show that N. norvegicus is able to remove ammonia from the haemolymph and/or transform ammonia into some other substance when subjected to increased
levels of ambient ammonia. Possible mechanisms involved (e.g. active transport across the gills; storage in some other tissue;
glutamate synthe sis) are discussed.
Received: 20 May 1996 / Accepted: 1 July 1996 相似文献
46.
Femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is applied in order to prepare and monitor laser-induced vibrational coherences (wave packets) of different samples mainly in its electronic ground state but also in excited states. The time evolution of these wave packets gives information on the dynamics of molecular vibrations. In a first example the femtosecond (fs) CARS transients of iodine are investigated. By changing the relative delay between the applied laser pulses of this non-degenerated four-wave mixing technique, both the wavepacket motion on the electronically excited and the ground states can be detected as oscillations in the coherent anti-Stokes signal. Second we report on selective excitation of the vibrational modes in the electronic ground state of polymers of diacetylene by means of a femtosecond time-resolved CARS scheme. This selectivity is achieved by varying the phase shape (chirp) and the relative delay between the exciting laser pulses. 相似文献
47.
Jianguo Sun Yangjin Kim Christopher J. Schmitt 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2003,10(4):419-428
The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) was initiated in 1967 as a component of the National Pesticide Monitoring program. It consists of periodic collection of freshwater fish and other samples and the analysis of the concentrations of persistent environmental contaminants in these samples. For the analysis, the common approach has been to apply the mixed two-way ANOVA model to combined data. A main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot give a detailed temporal trend of the concentrations since the data are grouped. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that performs a longitudinal analysis of the information using random effects models. In the new approach, no grouping is needed and the data are treated as samples from continuous stochastic processes, which seems more appropriate than ANOVA for the problem. 相似文献
48.
Sarah E. Crawford Catrina Brüll nee Cofalla Benedikt Aumeier Markus Brinkmann Elisa Classen Verena Esser Caroline Ganal Elena Kaip Roger Häussling Frank Lehmkuhl Peter Letmathe Anne-Katrin Müller Ilja Rabinovitch Klaus Reicherter Jan Schwarzbauer Marco Schmitt Georg Stauch Matthias Wessling Süleyman Yüce Markus Hecker Karen A. Kidd Rolf Altenburger Werner Brack Holger Schüttrumpf Henner Hollert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):23
Protecting our water resources in terms of quality and quantity is considered one of the big challenges of the twenty-first century, which requires global and multidisciplinary solutions. A specific threat to water resources, in particular, is the increased occurrence and frequency of flood events due to climate change which has significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts. In addition to climate change, flooding (or subsequent erosion and run-off) may be exacerbated by, or result from, land use activities, obstruction of waterways, or urbanization of floodplains, as well as mining and other anthropogenic activities that alter natural flow regimes. Climate change and other anthropogenic induced flood events threaten the quantity of water as well as the quality of ecosystems and associated aquatic life. The quality of water can be significantly reduced through the unintentional distribution of pollutants, damage of infrastructure, and distribution of sediments and suspended materials during flood events. To understand and predict how flood events and associated distribution of pollutants may impact ecosystem and human health, as well as infrastructure, large-scale interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are required, which involve ecotoxicologists, hydrologists, chemists, geoscientists, water engineers, and socioeconomists. The research network “project house water” consists of a number of experts from a wide range of disciplines and was established to improve our current understanding of flood events and associated societal and environmental impacts. The concept of project house and similar seed fund and boost fund projects was established by the RWTH Aachen University within the framework of the German excellence initiative with support of the German research foundation (DFG) to promote and fund interdisciplinary research projects and provide a platform for scientists to collaborate on innovative, challenging research. Project house water consists of six proof-of-concept studies in very diverse and interdisciplinary areas of research (ecotoxicology, water, and chemical process engineering, geography, sociology, economy). The goal is to promote and foster high-quality research in the areas of water research and flood-risk assessments that combine and build off-laboratory experiments with modeling, monitoring, and surveys, as well as the use of applied methods and techniques across a variety of disciplines. 相似文献
49.
Natalie A. Jones Pascal Perez Thomas G. Measham Gail J. Kelly Patrick d’Aquino Katherine A. Daniell Anne Dray Nils Ferrand 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1180-1195
Participatory modeling is increasingly recognized as an effective way to assist collective decision-making processes in the
domain of natural resource management. This article introduces a framework for evaluating projects that have adopted a participatory
modeling approach. This evaluation framework—known as the “Protocol of Canberra”—was developed through a collaboration between
French and Australian researchers engaged in participatory modeling and evaluation research. The framework seeks to assess
the extent to which different participatory modeling initiatives not only modify perceptions among and interactions between
participants, but also contribute to collective decision-making. The article discusses the development of the framework and
it’s application to three case-studies, two from Australia and one from the Pacific Island of the Republic of Kiribati. The
article concludes with some comments for future use of the framework in a range of participatory modeling contexts. 相似文献
50.
Schmitt C Vogt C Machala M de Deckere E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(8):1398-1404