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51.
Detlef Hinneburg Eberhard Renner Ralf Wolke 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):25-35
Background, aim, and scope The fraction of ambient PM10 that is due to the formation of secondary inorganic particulate sulfate and nitrate from the emissions of two large, brown-coal-fired
power stations in Saxony (East Germany) is examined. The power stations are equipped with natural-draft cooling towers. The
flue gases are directly piped into the cooling towers, thereby receiving an additionally intensified uplift. The exhausted
gas-steam mixture contains the gases CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2, the directly emitted primary particles, and additionally, an excess of ‘free’ sulfate ions in water solution, which, after
the desulfurization steps, remain non-neutralized by cations. The precursor gases NO2 and SO2 are capable of forming nitric and sulfuric acid by several pathways. The acids can be neutralized by ammonia and generate
secondary particulate matter by heterogeneous condensation on preexisting particles.
Materials and methods The simulations are performed by a nested and multi-scale application of the online-coupled model system LM-MUSCAT. The Local
Model (LM; recently renamed as COSMO) of the German Weather Service performs the meteorological processes, while the Multi-scale
Atmospheric Transport Model (MUSCAT) includes the transport, the gas phase chemistry, as well as the aerosol chemistry (thermodynamic
ammonium–sulfate–nitrate–water system). The highest horizontal resolution in the inner region of Saxony is 0.7 km. One summer
and one winter episode, each realizing 5 weeks of the year 2002, are simulated twice, with the cooling tower emissions switched
on and off, respectively. This procedure serves to identify the direct and indirect influences of the single plumes on the
formation and distribution of the secondary inorganic aerosols.
Results and conclusions Surface traces of the individual tower plumes can be located and distinguished, especially in the well-mixed boundary layer
in daytime. At night, the plumes are decoupled from the surface. In no case does the resulting contribution of the cooling
tower emissions to PM10 significantly exceed 15 μgm−3 at the surface. These extreme values are obtained in narrow plumes on intensive summer conditions, whereas different situations
with lower turbulence (night, winter) remain below this value. About 90% of the PM10 concentrations in the plumes are secondarily formed sulfate, mainly ammonium sulfate, and about 10% originate from the primarily
emitted particles. Under the assumptions made, ammonium nitrate plays a rather marginal role.
Recommendations and perspectives The analyzed results depend on the specific emission data of power plants with flue gas emissions piped through the cooling
towers. The emitted fraction of ‘free’ sulfate ions remaining in excess after the desulfurization steps plays an important
role at the formation of secondary aerosols and therefore has to be measured carefully. 相似文献
52.
Climate change scenarios predict lower flow rates during summer that may lead to higher proportions of wastewater in small and medium sized streams. Moreover, micropollutants (e.g. pharmaceuticals and other contaminants) continuously enter aquatic environments via treated wastewater. However, there is a paucity of knowledge, whether extended exposure to secondary treated wastewater disrupts important ecosystem functions, e.g. leaf breakdown. Therefore, the amphipod shredder Gammarus fossarum was exposed to natural stream water (n = 34) and secondary treated wastewater (n = 32) for four weeks in a semi-static test system under laboratory conditions. G. fossarum exposed to wastewater showed significant reductions in feeding rate (25%), absolute consumption (35%), food assimilation (50%), dry weight (18%) and lipid content (22%). Thus, high proportions of wastewater in the stream flow may affect both the breakdown rates of leaf material and thus the availability of energy for the aquatic food web as well as the energy budget of G. fossarum. 相似文献
53.
Lutz Ahrens Merle Plassmann Zhiyong Xie Ralf Ebinghaus 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2009,3(2):152-170
The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C4-C8 perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C6 and C8 perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C4-C12 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m2-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds. 相似文献
54.
Strutz Tessa J. Hornbruch Götz Dahmke Andreas Köber Ralf 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(17):17200-17209
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles can be used for in situ groundwater remediation. The spatial particle distribution plays a very important... 相似文献
55.
Cai M Xie Z Möller A Yin Z Huang P Cai M Yang H Sturm R He J Ebinghaus R 《Chemosphere》2012,87(9):989-997
Neutral polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in high-volume air samples collected on board the research vessel Snow Dragon during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Expedition from the Japan Sea to the Arctic Ocean in 2010. Four volatile and semi-volatile PFASs (fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acids (FTAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (FASAs), and sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs)) were analyzed respectively in the gas and particle phases. FTOHs were the dominant PFASs in the gas phase (61-358 pg m−3), followed by FTAs (5.2-47.9 pg m−3), FASEs (1.9-15.0 pg m−3), and FASAs (0.5-2.1 pg m−3). In the particle phase, the dominant PFAS class was FTOHs (1.0-9.9 pg m−3). The particle-associated fraction followed the general trend of FASEs > FASAs > FTOHs. Compared with other atmospheric PFAS measurements, the ranges of concentrations of ∑FTOH in this study were similar to those reported from Toronto, north America (urban), the northeast Atlantic Ocean, and northern Germany. Significant correlations between FASEs in the gas phase and ambient air temperature indicate that cold surfaces such as sea-ice, snowpack, and surface seawater influence atmospheric FASEs. 相似文献
56.
57.
Climate Response by the Ski Industry: The Shortcomings of Snowmaking for Australian Resorts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Skier numbers, and revenues for the multi-billion-dollar ski industry, are highly sensitive to snow cover. Previous research projected that under climate change, natural snow cover will become inadequate at 65% of sites in the Australian ski resorts by 2020. Resorts plan to compensate for reduced snowfall through additional snowmaking. For the six main resorts, however, this would require over 700 additional snow guns by 2020, requiring approximately US $100 million in capital investment, and 2,500-3,300 ML of water per month, as well as increased energy consumption. This is not practically feasible, especially as less water will be available. Therefore, low altitude ski resorts such as these may not be able to rely on snowmaking even for short-term adaptation to climate change. Instead, they are likely to seek conversion to summer activities and increased property development. 相似文献
58.
Martin Volk Sven Lautenbach Hedwig van Delden Lachlan T. H. Newham Ralf Seppelt 《Environmental management》2010,46(6):834-849
This article analyses the benefits and shortcomings of the recently developed decision support systems (DSS) FLUMAGIS, Elbe-DSS,
CatchMODS, and MedAction. The analysis elaborates on the following aspects: (i) application area/decision problem, (ii) stakeholder
interaction/users involved, (iii) structure of DSS/model structure, (iv) usage of the DSS, and finally (v) most important
shortcomings. On the basis of this analysis, we formulate four criteria that we consider essential for the successful use
of DSS in landscape and river basin management. The criteria relate to (i) system quality, (ii) user support and user training,
(iii) perceived usefulness and (iv) user satisfaction. We can show that the availability of tools and technologies for DSS
in landscape and river basin management is good to excellent. However, our investigations indicate that several problems have
to be tackled. First of all, data availability and homogenisation, uncertainty analysis and uncertainty propagation and problems
with model integration require further attention. Furthermore, the appropriate and methodological stakeholder interaction
and the definition of ‘what end-users really need and want’ have been documented as general shortcomings of all four examples
of DSS. Thus, we propose an iterative development process that enables social learning of the different groups involved in
the development process, because it is easier to design a DSS for a group of stakeholders who actively participate in an iterative
process. We also identify two important lines of further development in DSS: the use of interactive visualization tools and
the methodology of optimization to inform scenario elaboration and evaluate trade-offs among environmental measures and management
alternatives. 相似文献
59.
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