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排序方式: 共有236条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
102.
Sebastian Stehle Anja Knäbel Ralf Schulz 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6295-6310
Due to the specific modes of action and application patterns of agricultural insecticides, the insecticide exposure of agricultural surface waters is characterized by infrequent and short-term insecticide concentration peaks of high ecotoxicological relevance with implications for both monitoring and risk assessment. Here, we apply several fixed-interval strategies and an event-based sampling strategy to two generalized and two realistic insecticide exposure patterns for typical agricultural streams derived from FOCUS exposure modeling using Monte Carlo simulations. Sampling based on regular intervals was found to be inadequate for the detection of transient insecticide concentrations, whereas event-triggered sampling successfully detected all exposure incidences at substantially lower analytical costs. Our study proves that probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) concepts in their present forms are not appropriate for a thorough evaluation of insecticide exposure. Despite claims that the PRA approach uses all available data to assess exposure and enhances risk assessment realism, we demonstrate that this concept is severely biased by the amount of insecticide concentrations below detection limits and therefore by the sampling designs. Moreover, actual insecticide exposure is of almost no relevance for PRA threshold level exceedance frequencies and consequential risk assessment outcomes. Therefore, we propose a concept that features a field-relevant ecological risk analysis of agricultural insecticide surface water exposure. Our study quantifies for the first time the environmental and economic consequences of inappropriate monitoring and risk assessment concepts used for the evaluation of short-term peak surface water pollutants such as insecticides. 相似文献
103.
Continuous-flow column study of reductive dehalogenation of PCE upon bioaugmentation with the Evanite enrichment culture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Azizian MF Behrens S Sabalowsky A Dolan ME Spormann AM Semprini L 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,100(1-2):11-21
A continuous-flow anaerobic column experiment was conducted to evaluate the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in Hanford aquifer material after bioaugmentation with the Evanite (EV) culture. An influent PCE concentration of 0.09 mM was transformed to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene (ETH) within a hydraulic residence time of 1.3 days. The experimental breakthrough curves were described by the one-dimensional two-site-nonequilibrium transport model. PCE dechlorination was observed after bioaugmentation and after the lactate concentration was increased from 0.35 to 0.67 mM. At the onset of reductive dehalogenation, cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE) concentrations in the column effluent exceeded the influent PCE concentration indicating enhanced PCE desorption and transformation. When the lactate concentration was increased to 1.34 mM, c-DCE reduction to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene (ETH) occurred. Spatial rates of PCE and VC transformation were determined in batch-incubated microcosms constructed with aquifer samples obtained from the column. PCE transformation rates were highest in the first 5 cm from the column inlet and decreased towards the column effluent. Dehalococcoides cell numbers dropped from approximately 73.5% of the total Bacterial population in the original inocula, to about 0.5% to 4% throughout the column. The results were consistent with estimates of electron donor utilization, with 4% going towards dehalogenation reactions. 相似文献
104.
105.
106.
Almut Gerhardt Stefanie Schmidt Sebastian Hss 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,120(3)
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans receives increasing attention in sediment ecotoxicology and new toxicity tests with sensitive test parameters are under development. In this study, the motility of C. elegans could be measured for the first time online in sediment, using the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor. Whereas single nematodes could not be recorded, groups of 10 nematodes gave typical locomotive signals in different media (water, agar, sediment) with comparable precision and accuracy. The results of this study encourage to develop a new rapid online whole-sediment toxicity test with behaviour as sensitive test parameter. 相似文献
107.
Sebastian Gayler Stefan Trapp Michael Matthies Reiner Schroll Herwart Behrendt 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(2):98-103
The uptake of terbuthylazine and its medium polar metabolites into maize plants under outdoor conditions is investigated.
For this purpose, a dynamical fate model consisting of soil, plant and air is developed. The model calculations are compared
with experimental results of outdoor lysimeter tests, carried out with14C-labelled herbicide applied to sandy agricultural soil at a single application rate of 890 g/ha. Approximately 0.3 % of the
applied activity remains in all the plants after the vegetation period. The model predicts that about three times that amount
is volatilized from the plants into the air. Activity uptaken from soil and volatilized from plant surface into air is predominately
associated with metabolites. During the whole vegetation period the fraction of unchanged terbuthylazine in the plants is
very small (less than 1 % of the extractable activity). 相似文献
108.
Sebastian U. Senger und Dietrich J. G. Werner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(5):253-259
Zusammenfassung Eine Zusammenstellung der Ozon-Me?werte der Luftme?stationnetze in Hessen und NRW ergab für die Jahresmittelwerte von 1990–1998
im Durchschnitt eine schwache Abnahme der Ozonkonzentrationen. Dabei lagen die Jahresmittelwerte der Ozonkonzentrationen über
Waldstationen doppelt so hoch wie über Stadtstationen. Die Ozonkonzentrationen verhalten sich im regionalen Vergleich umgekehrt
proportional zur Verkehrsdichte. In der Zahl der überschreitungen der gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzwerte von ≥180 μg Ozon/m3 pro Jahr lagen die Waldstationen mit dem 2–3 fachen Wert über den Stadtstationen. Lediglich die j?hrlichen Maximalwerte der
stündlich gemessenen Ozonwerte n?hern sich einander.
Die hohen Ozonwerte über den Waldstationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit den niedrigen Konzentrationen von NOx. Nachts reduziert
sich das Ozon über den Waldstationen durch Rückreaktion mit vergleichsweise geringen Konzentrationen von NO nur bis ca. 50%,
w?hrend der Ozongehalt über Stadtstationen bis nahe Null absinkt. Dieser Vorgang über den Stadtstationen wird auch durch Photolyse
des in hohen Konzentrationen vorliegenden NO2 und die dadurch erfolgende erh?hte Bildung von Ozon w?hrend des Tages nicht wieder kompensiert.
Für die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse gibt es prinzipiell keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ozonverh?ltnissen in Hessen und
NRW.
相似文献
109.
110.
J. Gasperi C. Sebastian V. Ruban M. Delamain S. Percot L. Wiest C. Mirande E. Caupos D. Demare M. Diallo Kessoo M. Saad J. J. Schwartz P. Dubois C. Fratta H. Wolff R. Moilleron G. Chebbo C. Cren M. Millet S. Barraud M. C. Gromaire 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(8):5282-5283