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101.
Gray PA Duwors E Villeneuve M Boyd S Legg D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,86(1-2):129-147
In recognition of the many values that people ascribe to nature, federal, provincial, and territorial agencies worked inpartnership to complete the 'Survey on the Importance of Natureto Canadians' (SINC) in 1981, 1987, 1991, and 1996. Between 1981 and 1996, more than 80% of Canadians 15 years of age and older engaged in one or more nature-related activities. This paper describes the evolution of this cooperative monitoring program, defines a classification system as a context for the values examined by the SINC, highlights trends of some nature-related recreational activities measured by the survey, and comments onthe importance of this information to Canadians. 相似文献
102.
A review of changes in approach to the restoration of mineral sites in Britain since the introduction of planning control in 1947, together with likely trends for the next decade.The period has seen great technological advances in the capacity of machinery, increased demand, and more rapid rates of extraction. The resulting re-organisation of the industry through mergers and take-overs has led to concentration into fewer and larger units of production, with the parallel closure of many smaller works and quarries. It is to assess the significance of such changes in their effect upon both restoration and after-use that this study has been prepared. 相似文献
103.
Easter A. Coppedge Thomas J. Logan M. R. Midgett Richard C. Shores Michael J. Messner Robert W. Murdoch 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1617-1619
ABSTRACT Fixed-roof tanks are used extensively at manufacturing, waste management, and other facilities to store or process liquids containing volatile organic compounds. Federal and state air standards require the control of organic air emissions from many of these tanks. A common practice used for some fixed-roof tanks that are required to use controls is to vent the tank through an activated carbon canister. When organic vapors are adsorbed on activated carbon, heat is released. Under certain conditions, the temperature of the carbon bed can increase to a level at which the carbon or organic vapors spontaneously ignite, starting a fire in the carbon bed. Bed fires in carbon canisters are not uncommon and can present a significant safety hazard at facilities if proper safety measures are not implemented. This article discusses how carbon adsorber bed fires occur and presents general guidance on safety measures for carbon canisters installed on fixed-roof tanks to reduce the likelihood of a carbon bed fire and to minimize the impact in the event of a fire. 相似文献
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The extent to which existing conservation reserves cover or represent the different land classes in a region depends on the scale at which those land classes are defined. In a previous review of regional studies we could not separate the influence on reserve coverage from aspects of scale of classification or mapping. In this study we measured the influence of three aspects of scale on the coverage of existing reserves and the area of new reserves required to represent all land classes. The aspects of scale we used were agglomerative (bottom-up) partitioning, divisive (top-down) partitioning, and generalization of the polygons representing discrete map units. The analyses were based on two existing classifications of a large region. One of these was originally produced at two scales of divisive partitioning. We modified the second classification to produce wide differences in the two other aspects of scale. For all aspects of scale the results confirm that existing reserves in the region tend to represent more coarse- than fine-scale classes, but this depends on the criteria used to determine when classes are "represented." For all aspects of scale, larger total areas of new reserves are needed to represent fine-scale rather than coarse-scale land classes. This trend holds regardless of the minimum proportional area of each land class to be represented but varies with the size of the sites considered reserves. The results reinforce the scale-dependence of assessments of reserve coverage and establish the scale-dependence of assessments of reserve requirements. They also indicate that comparisons of coverage and requirements between regions or in the same region through time must be standardized for type and scale of classification. 相似文献
107.
David H. Kingsley Kevin Calci Sheila Holliman Brooke Dancho George Flick 《Food and environmental virology》2009,1(3-4):137-140
High pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) within oysters bioaccumulated under simulated natural conditions to levels >105 PFU/oyster has been evaluated. Five minute treatments at 20°C were administered at 350, 375, and 400 MegaPascals (MPa). Shucked and whole-in-shell oysters were directly compared to determine if there were any differences in inactivation levels. For whole-in-shell oysters and shucked oysters, average values obtained were 2.56 and 2.96 log10 inactivation of HAV, respectively, after a 400-MPa treatment. Results indicate that there is no significant inactivation difference (P = 0.05) between inactivation for whole-in-shell oysters as compared to shucked oysters observed for all pressure treatments. This study indicates that commercial high pressure processing applied to whole-in-shell oysters will be capable of inactivating HAV pathogens. 相似文献
108.
Adelazil de?Brito?Fabricio Neta Clístenes?Williams?Araújo?do?NascimentoEmail author Caroline?Miranda?Biondi Peter?van?Straaten Sheila?Maria?Bretas?Bittar 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(1):163-173
Fernando de Noronha is a small volcanic archipelago in the Southern Atlantic, some 350 km NE of the city of Natal in NE Brazil. These remote volcanic islands represent a largely pristine environment, distant from sources of anthropogenic contamination. This study was carried out to determine the natural concentrations of Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn in the A and B horizons of soils of Fernando de Noronha. The aims of the study were twofold: determine whether there is a relationship between the bedrock geology and soils and to establish quality reference values for soils from Fernando de Noronha. Soil samples were subjected to acid digestion by the USEPA method 3051A, and metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry. The results showed that the trace element distribution largely reflects the geochemistry of the underlying volcanic rocks of the Remedios and Quixaba Formations. The results demonstrate that the concentrations of Ba, Cr, Zn, Ni and Cu from the soils of the volcanic Fernando de Noronha archipelago are higher than those found in soils from continental Brazil. However, concentrations of Ni, Cu and Co are lower in soils of the archipelago as compared to other volcanic islands throughout the world. The elevated trace element concentrations of the volcanic parent material of Fernando de Noronha soils seem to be the main factor governing the relatively high natural concentrations of trace elements. 相似文献
109.
Bruce F. Corben David B. Logan Lisa Fanciulli Roger Farley Iain Cameron 《Safety Science》2010,48(9):1085-1097
With a significant list of achievements in traffic safety over some 40 years, Australia’s most successful initiatives have emerged from consideration of the scientific basis for achieving effective results. Over time, the increasing use of scientific methods has matured to an extent whereby road safety strategies for entire jurisdictions are now being formed and optimised on the basis of evidence-based mathematical modelling of predicted strategy performance over periods of ten or more years ahead. This paper describes the approach used in the State of Western Australia (WA) to support the development of its new strategy, ‘Towards Zero’, addressing the 12-year period from 2008 to 2020. Also described is the early development of the modelling approach in the State of Victoria, Australia, subsequently applied, refined and adapted to Western Australia. The ‘Towards Zero’ strategy aims to ensure that road safety policies continue to evolve within a strategic framework, based on Australasia’s Safe System framework, which was derived from the best elements of the Swedish Vision Zero and the Dutch Sustainable Safety visions.The process for the development of the strategy involved a greater degree of community and stakeholder engagement than has been the case previously, based on the fundamental belief that the community should be provided with the best evidence about what works no matter how controversial, so that it can debate and consider the options available to improve safety.It is equally important to have a strategy based on the best possible evidence. The Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) was appointed by the WA Office of Road Safety to identify, describe and recommend proven counter-measures within the Safe System framework and develop a series of scientifically sound directions and options.This paper outlines the modelling technique used by MUARC along with results and summarises the community consultation process. 相似文献