弱胶结软岩巷道高分子改性树脂注浆加固技术研究*

为解决弱胶结软岩胶结性差、力学强度低、遇水易软化带来的巷道围岩变形量大的问题，以王洼二矿为例，结合试验巷道围岩条件和注浆加固支护技术特点，提出高分子改性树脂注浆加固方案；并采用室内注浆加固体力学性能试验验证方案的可行性。结果表明:现场围岩单轴抗压强度平均值22.74 MPa、抗拉强度平均值0.674 MPa，高分子改性树脂注浆材料对围岩加固体单轴抗压强度影响不大，但加固体抗拉强度平均值3.07 MPa，相比原岩抗拉强度提高355.5%；现场试验顶板、两帮围岩变形量由之前的大变形逐渐控制在100 mm以内，注浆后30 d基本趋于稳定。研究结果对软岩巷道支护设计和施工具有一定的实际指导意义。     

A spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in China from 1661 to 1996

Reconstruction of cropland cover is crucial for assessing human impact on the environment. In this study, based on existing studies concerning historical cropland, population data and government inventories, we obtained a provincial cropland area dataset of China for 1661–1996 via collection, revision and reconstruction. Then, the provincial cropland area was allocated into grid cells of 10 × 10 km depending on the land suitability for cultivation. Our reconstruction indicates that cropland increased from ~55.5 × 10⁴ km² in 1661 to ~130.0 × 10⁴ km² in 1996. From 1661 to 1873, cropland expanded tremendously in the Sichuan Basin, and land reclamation was greatly enhanced in North China Plain. For 1873–1980, agricultural development occurred primarily in northeastern China. After 1980, most provinces in the traditionally cultivated region of China experienced decreases in cropland area. In comparison with satellite-based data for 2000, we found that our reconstruction generally captures the spatial distribution of cropland. Also, differences are mostly <20 % (?20 to 20 %). Compared with HYDE 3.1 dataset, which is designed for the global scale, our model is more suitable for reconstructing the historical crop cover of China at 10 × 10 km grid scale. Our reconstruction can be used in climate models to study the impact of crop cover change on the climate and carbon cycle.     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区濒危马麝(Moschus sifanicus)秋季利用生境特征

于2006~2007年9~10月间采用样线样带法研究了甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝的秋季生境利用特征,共布设286个空白对照样地和55个利用样地,测量并比较两类样地内的海拔等17个生境变量.结果表明,马麝秋季利用样地的乔木密度(0.90±0.14)和灌木均高(1.92 m±0.53 m)显著低于非利用样地(乔木密度1.35±0.07;灌木均高3.01 m±0.53 m),而且距水源距离(<1 000 m,76.37%)和人为干扰活动距离(<1 000 m,76.36%)较近的中下坡位生境(82.82%)(P<0.05).对喜好生境变量的主成分分析表明,地理因子(由海拔、水源距离、植被类型和坡向构成)是制约兴隆山马麝秋季栖息地选择的首要因子,此外,郁闭度因子(由郁闭度和坡度构成)、食物因子(由食物多度和乔木胸径构成)和隐蔽因子(由隐蔽度和避风性构成)也是影响兴隆山马麝秋季生境选择的重要因素.由于秋季对食物和水源的强烈选择,兴隆山马麝对生境隐蔽性和距人为干扰距离的选择强度较低,即承受较大强度的人为干扰.表5参31     

基于雨水的南方丘陵城市环境景观基础设施网络研究

针对雨水的南方丘陵城市环境景观基础设施网络问题,以雨水排泄和汇集为导向,以GIS为分析工具,计算出雨水汇集点和排泄路径的适宜性分析图,结合城市内现有环境,如公园、广场、废弃地、绿地等用地选择环境景观基础设施节点,根据现有城市用地布局、水系、道路系统,具体计算出这些环境景观设施廊道,构建一个多功能景观基础设施网络体系,在一定程度上缓解环境雨水内涝问题,同时又能改善城市景观环境,促进城市环境景观基础设施与城市环境基础设施的融合.     

城市生命线系统暴雪冰冻灾害链分析

预防和减轻城市生命线系统的灾害危险性是防灾减灾中的热点问题.随着自然灾害突发强度、频度和广度的不断增长,自然灾害预防工作显得格外重要.城市作为人口集聚、国民经济、社会发展重要区域和战略中心,自然灾害带来的损失是剧烈、致命的,亟待开展城市生命线系统灾害风险研究.通过对低温暴雪冰冻灾害特点的分析和总结,提出用灾害链理论来研究城市生命线系统的暴雪冰冻灾害问题.介绍了城市生命线系统灾害的相关概念,分析了城市生命线系统暴雪冰冻灾害链的致灾原因、形成过程和主要灾害链类型,最后论述了防灾减灾对策.     

Urgently reveal longly hidden toxicant in a familiar fabrication process of biomass-derived environment carbon material

Biomass-derived N-doped carbon (BNC) is an important environmental material and widely used in the fields of water purification and soil remediation. However, the toxicant in the commonly used synthesis process of BNC materials have been largely ignored. Herein, we firstly report the presence of a highly toxic by-product (KCN) in the activation process of BNC materials consequential of the carbothermal reduction reaction. Because this carbothermal reduction reaction also regulates the N-doping and pore development of BNC materials, the KCN content directly relates with the properties of BNC material properties. Accordingly, a high KCN content (∽ 611 mg) can occur in the production process of per g BNC material with high specific surface area (∽ 3600 m²/g). Because the application performance of BNC material is determined by the surface area and available N doping, therefore, production of a BNC material with high performance entails high risk. Undoubtedly, this study proves a completely new risk recognition on a familiar synthesis process of biomass-based material. And, strict protective device should be taken in fabrication process of biomass-derived carbon material.     

腈纶废水深度处理中试研究

腈纶废水是典型的难降解、高氨氮废水。为评价电化学氧化法对腈纶废水深度处理的实际运行效果,通过建立腈纶废水处理中试装置,考察了其对经AO生物处理后腈纶废水中COD、氨氮、总氮、BOD5等污染物的去除效果,分析了其运行能耗。结果表明:电化学氧化中试装置对经生物处理后腈纶废水中COD去除率为39.2%。稳定运行后,该装置对废水中氨氮、总氮的去除率分别为100%与75.1%。经电化学氧化处理后,废水中的COD、氨氮浓度达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准要求。电化学氧化处理不能显著提高腈纶废水的可生化性。     

紫外-发光二极管光催化降解气相甲硫醚的影响因素

采用主波长367 nm的紫外-发光二极管(UV-LED)作激发光源,Degussa P25-TiO2薄膜作催化剂,在平板反应器中模拟了低浓度(8.3mg.m-3)典型恶臭气体甲硫醚(DMS)的光催化降解过程;研究了催化剂负载量、光照强度、温度、相对湿度、体积流速对DMS光催化降解过程的影响规律.甲硫醚的去除效率和反应速率随着催化剂负载量的增加(5.0—36.0μg.cm-2)而增大,其最大去除率可达到97.6%.在本实验条件下,室温21.6℃、相对湿度47.5%要比低温12.1℃、低相对湿度10.9%—29.8%更有利于反应的进行;DMS的反应速率随着体积流速的增大呈现先增大后稳定的趋势,当流速小于3.4×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受传质控制,流速大于6.8×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受反应速率控制,流速在3.4×10-7—6.8×10-7m.3s-1之间时为过渡态.     

Methods to convert lignocellulosic waste into biohydrogen,biogas, bioethanol,biodiesel and value-added chemicals: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - In the context of climate change and the circular economy, there is an urgent need to develop biofuels and value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic waste such as...     

Spatiotemporal reconstruction of agricultural land cover in Nepal from 1970 to 2010

Regional Environmental Change - Agricultural land cover and changes in its extent are directly related to human activities. The rapidly growing population in Nepal has resulted in an increasing...