Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.     

一种基于数据融合的林火火线动态蔓延预测方法的研究

准确预测林火蔓延对于有效防治野火危害具有重要意义。传统林火蔓延速度场经验模型需要可燃物特性、坡度、温度及湿度等众多实测参数,由于参数均具有不同的时空分布,限制了模型的实际应用。因此提出速度场实时测量及水平集法模拟林火蔓延两种技术相结合的方法,通过测定火蔓延锋面的位置获取当前时刻锋面处的速度场分布并对此速度场在未燃烧区域进行延拓,结合水平集法预测林火蔓延,并使用数值模拟及实验数据验证了该方法能够有效预测短期内林火蔓延趋势,得出基于速度场的数据融合方法可满足实际林火蔓延建模的需求。     

2008年中国南方冰雪灾害对夏季森林火灾的影响

分析了2008年初中国南方冰雪灾害对森林可燃物、火源、火环境和潜在火行为的影响,认为这场冰雪灾害使得夏季森林火灾发生的充分必要条件更加完备,近期和中长期的夏季均存在着非常大的火灾隐患,甚至存在着发生重大森林火灾和特大森林火灾的隐患。提出了提高认识、做好森林可燃物处理、严控火源、人工干预火环境、促进林分健康生长等建议,特别提出了与森林可燃物清理截然不同“森林可燃物处理”的技术措施,希望这一新的技术手段在实践中不断完善,尽量降低冰雪灾害所导致的夏季森林火灾这个“次生灾害”的危害。     

我国夏季森林火灾危害特征分析

根据我国1999—2008年的森林火灾统计资料,从过火面积、受害森林面积、烧毁成林林木蓄积量和幼林株数等4个方面,对我国夏季森林火灾的危害特征进行了研究。结果表明：我国夏季森林火灾在4个方面的年变化均呈现明显增长的趋势;月变化则表现出各自不同的特点。建议各地结合夏季森林火灾在4个方面所表现出来的特征,采取针对性的预防措施,减轻夏季森林火灾造成的危害。     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.     

Overestimated role of sulfate in haze formation over Chinese megacities due to improper simulation of heterogeneous reactions

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Heterogeneous reactions involving aerosol water, i.e., haze chemistry, are responsible for high aerosol concentrations observed during severe haze events in...     

内循环三相生物流化床处理味精废水

利用混合异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌群在内循环三相流化床内处理实际味精废水,以火山岩为载体,考察了反应器的启动和驯化,分析了污染物进水浓度变化对处理效果影响和同步硝化反硝化效果。结果显示,经过10 d的间歇闷曝,微生物附着在载体表面,挂膜成功;经驯化可处理较高浓度的味精废水并具有较强耐冲击能力;同步好氧硝化反硝化效果良好。     

负载磁性废茶生物炭活化过一硫酸盐高效降解水中腐殖酸和富里酸

城市污水厂二级处理出水中含有大量的溶解性有机物（Dissolved organic matters,DOM）会对生物和受纳水体构成潜在的危害,因此有必要对二级处理出水进行深度处理.本研究以农业废弃物茶叶渣为原料,通过对废弃茶叶改性和负磁制备一种磁性废茶生物炭（Fe-tea biochar,Fe-TB）,用于活化过一硫酸盐（Peroxymonosulfate,PMS）氧化降解水中的腐殖酸（Humic acid,HA）和富里酸（Fulvic acid,FA）.考察Fe-TB铁负载量、PMS浓度、Fe-TB投加量、初始pH、HA和FA的初始浓度对Fe-TB/PMS体系氧化降解HA和FA的影响.结果表明,在铁碳比为2/1（W/W）、PMS=0.2 g·L^-1,2Fe-TB投加量分别为0.6 g·L^-1（HA体系）和0.4 g·L^-1（FA体系）、初始pH=7条件下,50 min时对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1的HA和FA的去除率分别达到95.3%和77.4%;经过4次重复循环使用,HA和FA的去除率均在59.0%以上,表明其良好的稳定性和重复使用性.淬灭实验及电子顺磁共振（EPR）分析结果证明2Fe-TB/PMS体系以单线态氧（¹O₂）为主要氧化活性物种降解HA和FA.实际二级处理出水中的DOM降解结果表明,2Fe-TB /PMS体系可以有效降解实际水体中的DOM,具有良好的应用前景.     

长春市土壤微生物生化作用与重金属化学形态关系研究

研究了长春市土壤微生物的生化作用强度（氨化作用强度、固氮作用强度,纤维素分解强度和土壤基础呼吸）与重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ni）化学形态的关系。通过科学采样和实验室测试分析了不同功能区土壤中,重金属含量和化学形态与微生物生化作用强度,并使用相关分析、偏相关分析多种数据统计方法进行数据处理。结果表明：各功能区因土地利用方式的差别和土壤中重金属的各种化学形态对土壤微生物生化作用强度有不同的影响。其中氨化作用与交换态Cd、Zn和Ni含量呈显著正相关;固氮作用与土壤重金属各化学形态相关性均不显著;呼吸作用与铁锰氧化物结合态Pd和交换态Cu呈显著正相关;纤维素分解作用强度与交换态Pd含量呈显著负相关。在土壤理化性质等相关变量受控时,重金属化学形态对微生物生化作用强度的影响有较明显的变化。其中与无控制变量相比,在控制变量作用下,纤维素分解作用强度受交换态Pd影响上升了0.0314,表现为交换态Pd抑制纤维素分解作用强度。呼吸作用与交换态Pd的相关系数在无控制因素情况下为-0.1425,在有控制因素情况下为-0.3230,表明交换态Pd促进呼吸作用强度。而有机结合态Ni表现为抑制固氮作用。因此可利用交换态Pd与纤维素分解作用强度、呼吸作用强度的相互关系,有机结合态Ni与固氮作用的相互关系等相结合来评价城市土壤重金属污染状况。文章为评价长春城市土壤重金属污染提供了微生物学指标的理论依据。     

Effect of humic substances on the anaerobic digestion of secondary sludge in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology for energy recovery from secondary sludge, yet the presence of humic substances in wastewater limits anaerobic...