脆弱生态区类型划分及其脆弱特征分析

本文应用聚类分析方法,根据全国各县市耕地面积等26项指标的有关数据,对我国生态区进行了类型划分,还分别以环境资源因子、经济发展水平因子、经济技术替代能力因子、域外支持能力因子以及社会发展水平因子等5类因子为聚类变量,对我国脆弱生态区进行了类型划分,并对脆弱特征进行了分析。     

Porous silica synthesis out of coal fly ash with no residue generation and complete silicon separation

● Both amorphous and crystalline silicon are completely separated from coal fly ash. ● Porous silica is synthesized out of coal fly ash. ● No residues is produced during the whole synthesis process. ● The one-step method to synthesize silica don’t need long-time reaction and aging. Ordered mesoporous silica materials exhibit enormous potential in industrial production. Since coal fly ash (CFA) is abundant in Si, it has become a green and promising way to utilize CFA by synthesizing porous silica materials. However, the stable crystalline structure of CFA limits the extraction of Si, and the residue is generated during the process of extracting Si. In this work, we proposed a no-residue method to synthesize ordered mesoporous silica out of CFA. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) was used to reconstruct the crystals of the CFA, and the calcined mixture then directly reacted with the precipitators. This method combined the process of Si extraction and porous material synthesis. In this method, no residue was generated and the silicon in both amorphous and crystalline phases of CFA was fully utilized. By this method, the extraction efficiency of Si was increased from 31.75% to nearly 100%. The as-synthesized mesoporous silica had a highly-ordered pore structure with a space group of la-3d, a surface area of 663.87 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.41 cm³/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.73 nm. The mechanism of crystalline transformation and material structure formation were systematically studied. This method provides a new idea to dispose of CFA and synthesize porous silica materials.     

Carbon black-benzo(a)pyrene complex-induced apoptosis and autophagy blockage in rat alveolar macrophages

Abstract

Cooking of foods and the burning of biomass and fossil fuels in stoves are the main sources of cooking fumes, with carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as main components. The toxicity of carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been well studied individually, but the combined toxicity is much less understood. Carbon black can adsorb benzo(a)pyrene to form a complex which displays an altered physical form which in this study has been constructed to simulate particles in the cooking fumes and explore the combined toxic effect on rat alveolar macrophages. The complex-induced cell apoptosis and blocked cell autophagy flux compared with both individually. The mechanism of toxicity may be by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, impairing the mitochondrial membrane potential and activating apoptosis signaling pathways.     

Epigenetic effects of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on Kazakh esophageal epithelial cells

Epigenetic change is a key factor for esophageal cancer progression. This study shows that upon exposure of primary cultures of human esophageal epithelial cells obtained from people of the Kazakh nationality in China to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine at concentrations of 0.75, 1.50, and 3.00 mg/L, (1) cell proliferation was inhibited, the percentages of cells in the G₀ and G₁ phases declined, and those in the S and G₂ + M phases increased at all concentrations, while apoptosis rates increased at medium and high concentrations; (2) the content of DNA-methyltransferases 3a and 3b and the activities of DNA-methyltransferase 1 and DNA-methyltransferase 3a increased at all concentrations while the content of DNA-methyltransferase 1 and the activity of DNA-methyltransferase 3b were increased only at the high concentration; (3) messenger RNA and protein levels of DNA-methyltransferases 1, 3a, and 3b were increased at all concentrations. Obviously, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the low mg/L range can inhibit the proliferation of normal Kazakh esophageal epithelial cells, can cause cell cycle arrest in the S and G₂ + M phases, promote apoptosis, and increase the activities of DNA-methyltransferases 1, 3a, and 3b.     

相变溶剂捕集CO2技术的研究进展

化学溶剂吸收法是目前应用最广泛的燃烧后CO₂捕集技术。介绍了化学溶剂吸收法的基本原理,综述了化学溶剂吸收法的研究现状,比较分析了几种常用CO₂吸收剂的优缺点。重点阐述了两类新型相变吸收剂（液-液相变溶剂和液-固相变溶剂）的研究进展。指出：新型相变溶剂是理想的CO₂吸收剂,用其捕集CO₂可有效降低吸收剂的再生能耗;相变溶剂吸收CO₂的传质反应动力学以及不同类型相变溶剂的挥发和降解特性应作为今后该领域的研究重点。     

基于熵权的扬州市生态环境质量模糊综合评价研究

为研究扬州市近几年的生态环境质量变化趋势,文章从自然、经济、社会的角度,建立生态环境质量评价指标体系,采用熵权法赋权、模糊综合评价法建立评价模型,对2007年-2011年的扬州市生态质量现状进行分析。结果表明：扬州市生态环境质量综合评价等级值由3.360 8增长到4.738 7,呈逐年上升的趋势。生态环境质量等级也由＂一般＂变为＂良好＂,总体属于中等偏上的水平。通过基于熵权的模糊综合评价法得到了比较切合实际的结果,可以为其他城市生态环境质量评价提供一定的参考。     

乐山市2016年冬季颗粒物重污染过程与输送路径及潜在源区

对乐山市2016年12月—2017年2月的大气污染特征及气象条件进行研究分析,并结合HYSPLIT（后向轨迹模式）,用聚类方法、PSCF（潜在源贡献因子法）、CWT（浓度权重轨迹分析法）分别模拟了研究期间PM_2.5的主要潜在源区.结果表明:研究期间,乐山市以PM_2.5污染为主.因风速低、无降水、相对湿度高、边界层高度降低等原因,使乐山市发生了一次持续时间较长的重污染过程（2017年1月1—7日）,该过程二次污染物累积特征较为明显;春节期间,因烟花爆竹集中燃放产生的大量污染物使乐山市出现了一次严重污染（2017年1月28日）,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值达358 μg/m3.乐山市复杂的地形引起的热力差异有利于局地环流的生成与发展,山谷风的存在可能是造成夜间乐山市郊区站点ρ（PM_2.5）高于城区站点的主要原因.结合后向轨迹与ρ（PM_2.5）日均值分析发现,来自盆地内部的气流（占比为28.57%）对乐山市空气质量产生的影响最大.乐山市东部边界附近、宜宾市西北部、自贡市南部等地对乐山市PM_2.5的潜在源贡献（WPSCF）在0.96以上,说明这些地区是研究期间影响乐山市ρ（PM_2.5）的重要潜在源区,模型的模拟结果与风向、风速、ρ（PM_2.5）监测值插值结果相符.研究显示,乐山市大气污染过程除了与在不利气象条件下污染物的累积有关外,区域污染物的输送贡献也不容忽视.      

炼化酸性水中含硫化合物在汽提过程中的转化规律研究

对炼化酸性水中含硫化合物在汽提过程中的转化规律进行了详细研究,发现酸性水中硫化物高达4317 mg/L,占总硫负荷的75.6%,但是其他含硫化合物如硫代硫酸根(2240 mg/L)、亚硫酸根(64 mg/L)、硫氰酸根(21 mg/L)、硫酸根(21 mg/L)以及有机硫化合物也不容忽视。汽提处理对硫化物、硫代硫酸根和部分有机硫化合物的去除效果显著,净化水中硫化物仅余3.6 mg/L,但总硫负荷高达162 mg/L,以硫代硫酸根(123 mg/L)和有机硫化合物(48.4 mg/L)为主,并残留大量多环类有机硫化合物,是影响污水场安全、高效、平稳运行的潜在不利因素。     

畜禽粪便冻融作用后磷形态分布及其释放特征

畜禽粪便中磷(P)释放特性与其赋存的形态密切相关,冻融循环可通过改变畜禽粪便的理化性质而影响粪便中P形态的分布,进而影响其后续的释放过程.本研究通过一系列室内模拟实验,探究了冻融循环对不同含水率猪粪中P形态分布的影响,以及冻融循环后粪便中P释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,与未经冻融猪粪相比,冻融后低含水率粪便中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别下降了47.38%、29.76%和55.19%,NH_4Cl-P和Al-P分别增加了36.82%和23.13%;高含水率猪粪中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别减少了49.59%、41.59%和76.96%,NH_4Cl-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量分别增加了37.34%、32.84%和8.96%.经冻融处理的粪便P的释放速率和累积释放量明显大于未冻融处理的粪便.伪一级动力学方程、Elovich方程、权函数方程均能较好的拟合粪便P释放动力学过程,其中Elovich方程的拟合效果最佳,表明粪便中P释放动力学过程是以扩散为主的反应过程.雨水pH值和共存阴离子会影响粪便P的释放,溶液pH越低或NO~-_3/SO■比值越小,越有利用于粪便P的释放.依据统计数据估算,我国冻融区域内畜禽粪便因冻融导致的P最大释放增量总和约为3.20万t·a~(-1),为降低其面源污染风险需要更好的粪便储存处理措施.     

无机砷和甲基砷在水稻体内吸收运移的比较研究

由于含甲基砷的农药残留或土壤中微生物的砷甲基化作用,除了无机砷,水稻籽粒中也可以检测到相当含量的不同形态的甲基砷.通过水培试验研究了不同形态砷在水稻幼苗中的吸收、转运、转化和外排.结果表明,水稻中各形态砷的含量排序为:亚砷酸盐(As(Ⅲ))>单甲基砷盐(MMA(Ⅴ))>砷酸盐(As(Ⅴ))>二甲基砷盐(DMA(Ⅴ)),但从地下部向地上部的转运系数排序为:DMA(Ⅴ)>As(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>MMA(Ⅴ).实验中未发现水稻体内无机砷向甲基砷的转化,甲基砷向无机砷的转化比例也较低,但观察到MMA(Ⅴ)部分被还原为MMA(Ⅲ).相比其地上部和地下部的吸收量,DMA(Ⅴ)在水稻中通过木质部(向上)和韧皮部(向下)的转运比例在4种形态砷中最高.甲基砷(MMA(Ⅴ)和DMA(Ⅴ))通过根系外排的速率和比例明显的高于无机砷(As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)).实验结果表明,不同形态砷的累积与其在水稻体内的吸收、运移及砷的根系外排密切相关.