煤烟型污染区小城镇SO_2浓度变异性分析与源解析:以重庆市万盛区青年镇为例

选取受煤烟型污染的典型小城镇——重庆市万盛区青年镇为研究对象,对其冬季和夏季环境空气中SO2进行了连续7 d的观测。结果表明,SO2小时浓度冬季:11.5~45.5μg/m3,夏季:9.33~42.8μg/m3,单因子污染指数最大值Pimax为0.091;日均值冬季:8.76~23.6μg/m3,夏季:8.83~20.6μg/m3,Pimax为0.157,满足标准限值要求,环境空气质量总体良好,SO2尚有较大环境容量。SO2浓度的日变化特征总体表现为早晨(08时)傍晚(20时)下午(14时)凌晨(02时)(p0.05)。SO2小时浓度和日均浓度、冬季与夏季之间无显著性差别。以日均浓度作为评价指标采用AREMODE对青年镇SO2浓度进行了模拟分析,结果表明实测值与模拟值者之间无显著性差异,拟合程度较高(t=0.7830.05)。通过源解析表明各污染源对青年镇SO2的贡献占比分别为:某电厂2某电厂1某电厂3某醋酸厂某建材厂某水泥厂。     

预处理对小球藻吸附Cd(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的影响

为了研究不同预处理方式对小球藻藻体吸附Cd2+、Pb2+和Cu2+的影响,文章将经过高温灭菌、Ca(NO3)2溶液浸泡和HNO3溶液浸泡预处理的小球藻藻体冷冻干燥,然后在单、两和三组份重金属离子溶液中进行吸附实验。结果表明,在单一系统中,经过Ca(NO3)2溶液浸泡过的藻体吸附效果较好;在混合系统中,冷冻干燥的藻体吸附效果较好。小球藻藻体对重金属吸附动力学曲线表明,在单一或混合系统中,高温灭菌的藻体对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附于360 min内基本达到平衡,Ca(NO3)2或HNO3溶液浸泡过的藻体对Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附于360 min内基本达到平衡。运用红外光谱仪和扫描电镜对吸附重金属离子前的藻体进行表征。结果表明,不同预处理藻体细胞的功能性基团和形态结构存在着差异,进而影响其对Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的吸附能力。     

污染源监督性监测中比对监测技术要求研究

为了加强环境监督管理,实现对重点监控企业的动态监控,《污染源自动监控管理办法》要求所有重点监控企业安装污染源自动监控设备.同时《国家重点监控企业污染源自动监控设施考核规程》中要求环境监测站对国家重点监控企业的污染源在线监测系统定期进行比对监测,在每季度进行污染源监督性监测的同时,采用标准方法对污染源在线监测系统进行比对监测,并根据监测的结果对污染源在线监测系统数据的有效性做出判断.     

Temporal variability of atmospheric particulate matter and chemical composition during a growing season at an agricultural site in northeastern China

This study presents the observations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations at an agricultural site from April to October 2012 in Dehui city,China.Ambient air was sampled by filter-based samplers and online PM monitors.The filter samples were analyzed to determine the abundance of ionic/inorganic elements,organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC).The daily PM_(10) concentrations varied significantly over the monitoring period,with an average of168 ± 63(in the range of 52-277) μg/m~3 during the land preparation/planting period(26 April-15 June),85 ± 65(36-228) μg/m~3 during the growing season(16 June-25 September),and 207 ±88(103-310) μg/m~3 during the harvest period(26 September-31 October).PM_(2.5) accounted for44%,56%and 66%of atmospheric PM_(10) during these periods,respectively.The PM_(10) diurnal variation showed a distinct peak from 16:00 to 21:00(LST) during the growing and harvesting seasons,while a gradual increase throughout the daytime until 17:00 was observed during tilling season.Mineral dust elements(Al,Ca,Fe,and Mg) dominated the PM_(10) chemical composition during the tilling season;OC,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ during the growing season;and carbonaceous species(i.e.,OC and EC) during the harvesting season.Our results indicate that the soil particles emitted by farm tillage and organic matter released from straw burning are the two most significant sources of PM_(10) emissions contributing to the recurring high pollution events in this region.Therefore,development of agricultural PM inventories from soil tillage and straw burning is prioritized to support air quality modeling.     

基于模糊专家系统的垃圾焚烧底灰重金属污染风险评价

垃圾焚烧处理技术可以实现城市生活垃圾减量化,但底灰中重金属的存在与迁移转化会形成持续的潜在风险。针对重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Cr对环境的潜在风险进行分析,将模糊专家系统引入潜在生态风险指数法中。首先将重金属的富集系数作为输入,然后应用知识库和推理机制来实现重金属对环境危害快速、不确定信息的准确推理,最后对城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属对环境的潜在风险进行评价。实验结果验证,该方法能够更快速、准确地做出适当的决定,为底灰的安全处置和再利用提供理论基础。     

Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005

The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO₂ (TroNO₂). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China.     

海河干流浮游植物调查及环境影响因子研究

为研究海河干流汛期富营养化状况,于2013年8月对海河干流进行了浮游植物调查和水质监测,并采用冗余分析(RDA),研究了浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明,浮游植物共计5门37种(属),优势种为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus)、颤藻属(Oscillatoria sp.)、钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana).浮游植物丰度范围为583.00～12 021.00×104 cells·L-1,生物量范围为4.01 ～45.70 mg·L-1,以蓝藻为主,海河干流处于重富营养状态.RDA分析结果表明,硝酸盐氮是显著影响海河干流浮游植物丰度变化的主要环境因子.控制营养盐的输入是防治海河干流蓝藻水华的主要措施.     

紫外诱变对假单胞菌生物特性的影响

室温下,用紫外光对假单胞菌株进行2 min诱变。分别用驯化后紫外诱变和未诱变假单胞菌处理系列浓度(20、100、200、300、400 mg/L)苯酚水样,对比分析其在降解速率、降解时间、微生物呼吸率、酶活性等降解特性方面的差异性。结果表明:假单胞菌经紫外诱变后,对苯酚的耐受性得以提高,去除高浓度苯酚的速率得以提高,处理较高浓度苯酚的能力明显提升。诱变假单胞菌完全降解较高浓度苯酚的时间比未诱变假单胞菌短,诱变假单胞菌对于高浓度苯酚的适应性比未诱变假单胞菌更好。苯酚降解过程中,脱氢酶始终保持着较高的活性,假单胞菌经诱变后其酶活性得以提高。     

基于3S技术的景观格局指数空间尺度效应变化研究

本文在阐述景观格局指数空间尺度效应重要意义及3S技术特点的基础上,以四川省木里县梭罗沟金矿矿区为研究区,介绍了3S技术在不同空间尺度提取景观格局指数的技术要求、数据收集和工作流程,并对研究区不同空间尺度景观格局指数的提取结果进行了效应分析,将各景观格局指数随空间尺度表现出不同变化趋势划分为五种类型,确定了该研究区域景观格局分析的最适宜空间尺度为1.0 m~5.0 m。景观格局指数空间尺度效应分析研究,有利于揭示景观格局与尺度效应相互作用的机理,进而对景观格局的尺度推演的方向、过程进行模拟、预测、分析和评价等研究提供重要的科学参考,并对遥感数据和地理信息系统的正确使用具有重要的科学意义。     

浅析环境监测如何在《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》实施中发挥作用研究

《重点区域大气污染防治"十二五"规划》是中国第一部综合性大气污染防治的规划,涉及14个城市,四川省属于《重点区域大气污染防治"十二五"规划》中面积最大的成渝城市群,约占该规划区的面积达10.7%。为更好地促进该规划的实施,四川省编制了《重点区域大气污染防治"十二五"规划四川省实施方案》。环境监测是环境保护及管理工作的基础,论文简要分析了在四川省规划实施过程中,环境监测的工作重点、工作方向以及应如何发挥作用。