济南市典型机动车的尾气颗粒物污染特征与影响因素研究

采用便携式仪器,借鉴双怠速尾气检测法,利用自行设计的尾气采样装置,选择济南市区道路上10辆不同类型的机动车,现场测量尾气颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度.基于实验数据,分析了机动车尾气颗粒物污染特征,深入探索了影响尾气颗粒物浓度的主要因素,提出了相应的对策建议.结果表明:①怠速工况下机动车尾气中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度、PM_(0.01～1)数浓度较低,平均分别为0.035～1.434和0.049～3.669 mg·m~(-3)、(0.95～21.69)×10~4 cm~(-3);高怠速工况下颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度较高, PM_(2.5)质量浓度为0.350～5.132 mg·m~(-3),最大值来自大型柴油货车8.394 mg·m~(-3); PM_(10)质量浓度高达1.708～7.862 mg·m~(-3),最大值来自大型柴油客车8.672 mg·m~(-3); PM_(0.01～1)数浓度为(6.78～40.68)×10~4 cm~(-3).②随着发动机转速和车型增大、排放标准降低,机动车尾气中颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度明显升高.与怠速工况相比,高怠速工况下的PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高3～44倍, PM_(0.01～1)数浓度升高2～33倍.与小型车相比,中、大型车的PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高约5倍, PM_(0.01～1)数浓度升高约2倍.使用92号汽油排放的颗粒物质量浓度与数浓度约为95号汽油车的2倍,柴油车排放的颗粒物浓度高于汽油车.国III标准的汽油车尾气颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度约是国IV和国V标准的2～4倍.③提高机动车排放标准和燃油品质,减少在实际道路行驶中突然加速或启动等高怠速工况的瞬态变化,加强对中、大型车尤其是大型柴油车的监管,能够一定程度上减轻机动车尾气颗粒物污染.     

Assessing the impact of fungicide enostroburin application on bacterial community in wheat phyllosphere

Fungicides have been used extensively for controlling fungal pathogens of plants. However, little is known regarding the effects that fungicides upon the indigenous bacterial communities within the plant phyllosphere. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of fungicide enostroburin upon bacterial communities in wheat phyllosphere. Culture-independent methodologies of 16S rDNA clone library and 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were used for monitoring the change of bacterial community. The 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-DGGE analysis both confirmed the microbial community of wheat plant phyllosphere were predominantly of the γ-Proteobacteria phyla. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis indicated a significant change in bacterial community structure within the phyllosphere following fungicide enostroburin application. Bands sequenced within control cultures were predominantly of Pseudomonas genus, but those bands sequenced in the treated samples were predominantly strains of Pantoea genus and Pseudomonas genus. Of interest was the appearance of two DGGE bands following fungicide treatment, one of which had sequence similarities (98%) to Pantoea sp. which might be a competitor of plant pathogens. This study revealed the wheat phyllosphere bacterial community composition and a shift in the bacterial community following fungicide enostroburin application.     

生物脱氮工艺研究进展

通过对传统生物脱氮运行机理,运行参数的研究,分析了短程硝化-反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等几种生物脱氮新工艺的基本原理及最新研究现状.另外,分析了厌氧氨氧化所存在的缺点及应用前景.     

Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China

The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m), showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br- HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide concentration is over 100 g/L.     

Variation characteristics of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide in summertime at a coastal site in the South China Sea

● Diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ are clearly extracted using EEMD. ● CH₄ and CO₂ show mid-morning high and evening low patterns during sea breezes. ● Wind direction significantly modulates the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂. Methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the two most important greenhouse gases (GHGs). To examine the variation characteristics of CH₄ and CO₂ in the coastal South China Sea, atmospheric CH₄ and CO₂ measurements were performed in Bohe (BH), Guangdong, China, in summer 2021. By using an adaptive data analysis method, the diurnal patterns of CH₄ and CO₂ were clearly extracted and analysed in relation to the sea breeze (SB) and land breeze (LB), respectively. The average concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ were 1876.91 ± 31.13 ppb and 407.99 ± 4.24 ppm during SB, and 1988.12 ± 109.92 ppb and 421.54 ± 14.89 ppm during LB, respectively. The values of CH₄ and CO₂ during SB basically coincided with the values and trends of marine background sites, showing that the BH station could serve as an ideal site for background GHG monitoring and dynamic analysis. The extracted diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂ showed sunrise high and sunset low patterns (with peaks at 5:00–7:00) during LB but mid-morning high and evening low patterns (with peaks at 9:00) during SB. The diurnal amplitude changes in both CH₄ and CO₂ during LB were almost two to three times those during SB. Wind direction significantly modulated the diurnal variations in CH₄ and CO₂. The results in this study provide a new way to examine the variations in GHGs on different timescales and can also help us gain a better understanding of GHG sources and distributions in the South China Sea.     

精密离心机机箱设计研究

本机箱是精密离心机的重要组件,它可为离心机旋转平台提供良好的气流环境,为电容测微仪提供稳定支承,对保证离心机稳定可靠的运行有重要意义。针对10-6级精密离心机的使用要求,通过功能分析,确定了光滑环形整流罩形式的机箱结构。在此基础上,完成了机箱的结构设计和工艺分析,并进行了力学计算和试验测试。分析和试验结果表明,所设计的机箱可改善离心机风阻力矩和风阻波动,可有效降低风阻对离心机精度的影响。     

三种类型森林林下植物多样性及生物量比较

对相同立地条件下海南天然次生林、桉树和马占相思林的林下植物多样性及生物量进行调查,通过比较,灌木植物的物种丰富度S、多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数,Margalef指数、均匀度Pielou指数为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析前两者之间差异不显著,后两者之间差异极显著;而草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞天然次生林＞马占相思人工林,方差分析结果前二者间除均匀度Pielou指数差异不显著外,其它多样性指数间差异极显著,后二者间差异不显著.灌木植物地上部分总生物量的变化趋势为:天然次生林＞桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林,草本植物的变化趋势为:桉树人工林＞马占相思人工林＞天然次生林.     

What makes affirmative action‐based hiring decisions seem (un)fair? A test of an ideological explanation for fairness judgments

Studies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Air pollution: formation of brown,lighting-absorbing,secondary organic aerosols by reaction of hydroxyacetone and methylamine

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Air pollution by industry and humans activities is a major health issue, notably in major cities. Secondary organic aerosols are formed by oxidation of volatile...     

污泥土地利用对草坪草及土壤的影响

以沈阳北部污水处理厂污泥为研究对象,开展了污泥土地利用对草坪草及土壤环境影响的研究.结果表明,污泥土地利用可提高土壤养分含量特别是土壤中有机质含量;使草坪草获得了良好的生长响应,草坪草生物量增加,绿期延长;使土壤重金属含量有所增加,Cd元素含量超过土壤环境质量二级标准,而土壤Pb、Cu、Zn元素含量均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准;早熟禾对Pb具有良好的吸收富集能力,污泥在25、30、60t·hm^-2低施入量时,结缕草对Cd、Cu、Zn具有良好的吸收富集能力.