改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究

以聚醚砜(PES)、醋酸纤维素(CA)和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)为膜材料,采用L-S相转化法制备共混改性PES膜。在24℃、0.2 MPa的操作条件下,制得的PES膜纯水通量为300 L/(m2.h)左右,CA改性PES膜为660 L/(m2.h)左右,TiO2改性PES膜为840 L/(m2.h)左右。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由浓差极化层及凝胶层引起的;通过活性污泥对膜污染机理的研究,判断出污泥的过滤过程基本符合沉积过滤定律。在MBR中运行时,改性PES膜稳定通量高于未改性膜,总阻力低于未改性膜;TiO2改性膜稳定通量高于CA改性膜,总阻力低于CA改性膜;通过扫描电镜分析,改性PES膜沉积层的厚度均比未改性膜薄,TiO2改性膜沉积层厚度小于CA改性膜,表明改性膜的抗污染性能提高了,TiO改性膜抗污染性能更优。     

城市污泥植物处理对地表径流和下层土壤的影响

城市污泥的农业利用逐渐成为世界城市污泥处理处置的最具前景的方式之一。通过设置无污泥+不种植物、污泥+不种植物、污泥+东南景天单种、污泥+东南景天与香芋套种4个处理,对污泥植物处理系统的地表径流以及各处理1年后的下层土壤(20~40 cm)进行了监测。研究结果表明:地表径流中的TN、TP和COD的含量随着时间的推移均有不断下降的趋势,其中,地表径流中的TP含量超出国家污水综合排放中的二级标准。地表径流中Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb的含量随着时间的推移略有上升的趋势,但它们的含量远低于国家污水综合排放标准中的二级标准。处理1年后下层土壤中的氮磷钾和有机质含量明显提高,下层土壤中的Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb含量也有一定程度的增加。     

COD快速测定仪专用氧化剂研究

便携式COD快速测定仪专用氧化剂是影响测定COD准确度的关键,其中重铬酸钾含量对实验过程中的氧化效率有较大影响,含量太低时,氧化过程不充分导致测定结果偏低;含量过高,造成样品颜色被氧化剂自身色度掩盖,使得反应后吸光度值变化不明显,测定COD浓度较低的水样时吸光度值误差较大。通过正交实验对COD专用氧化剂进行配方改进,优化筛选出的COD专用氧化剂应用于现场实时监测,测定的COD准确度达到实验室要求。     

纳米二氧化钛改性聚醚砜超滤膜

采用液-固相转化法,以聚醚砜(PES)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为原料制备PES超滤膜,并添加纳米TiO_2制备改性PES超滤膜.纳米TiO_2可降低制膜液的黏度,提高膜的亲水性能和抗污染性能.在PES质量分数为18%、PVP质量分数为12%、TiO_2质量分数为5.3%、DMAc质量分数为64.7%的条件下制备的改性PES超滤膜性能最佳,在24 ℃、0.2 Mpa操作条件下,膜的纯水通量为80.31 mL/ (cm~2·h), 截留率达99.16%.改性PES超滤膜过滤出水水质达到GB/T18920-2002<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>标准.清洗后,未改性PES超滤膜的膜通量恢复率为68.08%,改性PES超滤膜的膜通量恢复率为85.31%.     

Comparison of the industrial source complex and AERMOD dispersion models: case study for human health risk assessment

Air quality models are typically used to predict the fate and transport of air emissions from industrial sources to comply with federal and state regulatory requirements and environmental standards, as well as to determine pollution control requirements. For many years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) widely used the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model because of its broad applicability to multiple source types. Recently, EPA adopted a new rule that replaces ISC with AERMOD, a state-of-the-practice air dispersion model, in many air quality impact assessments. This study compared the two models as well as their enhanced versions that incorporate the Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) algorithm. PRIME takes into account the effects of building downwash on plume dispersion. The comparison used actual point, area, and volume sources located on two separate facilities in conjunction with site-specific terrain and meteorological data. The modeled maximum total period average ground-level air concentrations were used to calculate potential health effects for human receptors. The results show that the switch from ISC to AERMOD and the incorporation of the PRIME algorithm tend to generate lower concentration estimates at the point of maximum ground-level concentration. However, the magnitude of difference varies from insignificant to significant depending on the types of the sources and the site-specific conditions. The differences in human health effects, predicted using results from the two models, mirror the concentrations predicted by the models.     

Simultaneous determination of p-arsanilic acid and roxarsone in feed by liquid chromatography-hydride generation online coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A novel, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-hydride generation online coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-HG-AFS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and roxarsone in feed. 20% Methanol aqueous was used as extraction reagent, after preprocessing samples by ultrasonic oscillation, then injected into the chromatography Waters symmetry shield RP18 analytical column (150mm x 4.6mm, 5 microm), finally detected by an atomic fluorescence spectrometer. The calibration curves of analyses were linear over a range of concentrations (0.2-4mg L-1 and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9990. The limits of detection were 0.2 mg L-1. The method has been validated by linearity, precision and recovery. p-ASA and roxarsone in feed can be successfully and simultaneously determined using the developed method without a tedious pretreatment procedure.     

高压离线侧喷脉冲袋式除尘技术在水泥磨上的应用

以新疆天山水泥股份有限公司一分厂1水泥磨除尘系统技术改造为实例,阐述了获1993年国家环保最佳实用技术推广的LCPM型高压离线侧喷脉冲袋除尘器在水泥磨系统的应用及产生的效果。     

新疆地下水中农药污染水平调查

报道了新疆产棉区的莎车、英吉沙两县20个采样点的地下水受有机磷、有机氯和菊酯类农药污染的调查结果。结果表明：分别有55％（11）、30％（6）、25％（5）、15％（3）和5％（1）的水样受到了敌敌畏、敌百虫、功夫菊酯、六六六和甲拌磷的污染。其中4份水样中的敌敌畏（3）敌百虫（1）含量超过了《城市给水工程规范》（GB50282－1998）规定的生活饮用水水质指标限值（＜0．1μg／L）。     

Effects of aging and sediment composition on hexachlorobenzene desorption resistance compared to oral bioavailability in rats

Studies were conducted to assess the effects of black carbon, clay type and aging (1-1.5yr) on desorption and bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in spiked artificial sediments. Tenax (a super sorbent)-mediated desorption was used to examine the effects of these parameters on the physicochemical availability of HCB. The Tenax-mediated desorption of HCB from the four aged artificial sediments exhibited biphasic kinetics. The fast desorbing fractions ranged from 64.8% to 22.3%, showing reductions of 4.0-18.9% compared with freshly-spiked sediments. Statistical analysis on the fast desorbing fractions showed that all three treatment effects (i.e., montmorillonite clay, black carbon content, and aging) were significant. Two sediments with higher black carbon content exhibited much greater aging effects (i.e., greater reduction in fast desorbing fraction) than the other two sediments without the addition of black carbon. For both freshly-spiked and aged sediments, the desorption resistant sediment-bound HCB (i.e., slow desorbing fraction) correlated reasonably well to previously reported rat fecal elimination of HCB, which is a measure of the non-bioavailable fraction of sediment-bound HCB. A similar correlation was also observed between fast desorbing fraction and previously reported accumulation of HCB in the rat body (carcass+skin). These observations suggest that physicochemical availability, as defined by the desorption of HCB from sediments, provides a reasonable prediction of the oral bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB to rats. These results showed that montmorillonite clay, black carbon and aging reduced physicochemical availability and ultimately bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB.