钢铁冶炼行业二英排放特性和厂区内大气中二英分布规律

对我国某市6家钢铁企业烟气中的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)污染水平和排放特性做了初步研究,同时对厂区内大气中的二噁英浓度水平进行了分析.结果表明,6家钢铁企业中,铁矿石烧结炉排放的二噁英浓度远高于炼钢精炼炉,烧结炉二噁英排放浓度为0.098~3.6 ng·Nm~(-3)(以ITEQ计),2个炼钢精炼炉烟气中二噁英的浓度分别为0.0037和0.078 ng·Nm~(-3)(以I-TEQ计),烟气排放达标率为66.67%.6家钢铁企业厂区内大气环境中的二噁英浓度变化范围为0.17~0.69 pg·m~(-3)(以I-TEQ计),平均值为0.41 pg·m~(-3)(以I-TEQ计),其中有两家企业略高于大气质量二噁英的推荐值.对烟气和大气中17种有毒二噁英的分布进行对比分析发现,污染源和大气中二噁英分布具有相似的指纹特性,推测厂区内大气中二噁英分布主要与污染源排放有关.     

CH3O·引发的溴酸盐还原机制探究

针对溴酸盐(BrO-3)污染,本研究以三聚氰胺为前驱体制备石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)为自由基诱导催化材料.通过XRD、TEM、UV/Vis-DRS对其物相组成和光催化性能进行表征发现,制备的层状g-C3N4有稳定片层结构及可见光响应的禁带宽度(~2.70 e V).可见光照射下,g-C3N4表面产生的光生载流子不能直接还原溴酸盐.然而,若有有机小分子(如甲醇)存在,光催化还原效率迅速增大.通过原位电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)及对材料表面的光电化学测试分析,我们探索了该体系的光催化还原Br O-3的机制.结果表明,g-C3N4带隙较窄其空穴氧化能力较弱,在光催化过程中空穴只能将甲醇分子转化为CH3O·自由基,因而甲醇分子的存在提升了光生载流子的分离效率,加剧了自由基的累积.该自由基具有较高的还原活性,可迅速将水相中的溴酸根还原至溴离子.     

成都市PM10中碳质气溶胶长期来源特点

大气颗粒物中包含多种组分的气溶胶,其中碳质气溶胶由于对人体健康、能见度有较大影响,已受到越来越多的关注.为研究碳质气溶胶的长期变化规律,采集了成都市2009—2013年的PM₁₀样品,对其中所含的无机元素、水溶性离子及碳组分分别进行测定,并使用“PMF（正定矩阵因子分解法）-比值”模型分别对PM₁₀和所含的碳质气溶胶的来源进行分析.结果表明,1月、2月、5月和12月的碳质气溶胶浓度较高,其中1月、2月和12月的OC/EC（有机碳与元素碳质量浓度之比）较高,并且PMF-比值模型计算结果也显示冬季SOC增多,表明冬季可能有更多的二次有机碳（SOC）生成;5月的char-EC/soot-EC（二者质量浓度之比,其中char-EC=EC1-OP,soot-EC=EC2+EC3,它们可更好地区分源类）较高,K含量也较高,表明可能有更多的生物质燃烧排放.PM₁₀解析共发现6类源,依次为地壳扬尘（26.5%）、二次硫酸盐（25.1%）、燃煤&生物质燃烧混合源（17.3%）、二次硝酸盐&二次有机碳混合源（12.3%）、机动车源（11.8%）和水泥尘源（7.0%）;碳质气溶胶解析发现,OC主要来源依次为机动车源（38.2%）、燃煤&生物质燃烧混合源（33.1%）和二次有机碳（25.3%）,char-EC的主要来源是燃煤&生物质燃烧混合源和机动车源,分别占50.5%和45.4%,soot-EC则主要受机动车影响（达73.2%）.研究显示,成都市PM₁₀主要来自于地壳扬尘、二次生成和燃煤&生物质燃烧,而碳质气溶胶主要来自于机动车、燃煤&生物质燃烧.      

Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

Impacts of Bakken Shale Oil Development on Regional Water Uses and Supply

The Bakken shale play in western North Dakota is one of the largest unconventional oilfields in the United States, but published research about impacts on the region's water resources is rare. In this study, besides examining North Dakota water management policies and activities, we also analyzed three datasets: the Bakken horizontal well completion data (2008‐2014), North Dakota permitted water consumption data (2000‐2014), and groundwater level and streamflow observations in western North Dakota (2000‐2014). We found from 2008 to 2014, the annual total industrial water uses for Bakken shale oil development ranged between 0.5 and 10% of statewide total consumptive water use. The percentage increases were between 3.0 and 40% within the Bakken oil production region. The increased population of temporary oilfield service workers contributed additional domestic water use, which was equivalent to ~15% of annual industrial water use for the shale oil development in the Bakken. Despite being in a semiarid region, the impact of Bakken development on regional water supply was limited because the water in the Bakken was adaptively managed and the region received on average over 20% more precipitation than normal during 2008‐2014. Of the 15 glaciofluvial aquifers under study, 12 have seen water levels increasing or unchanged and the water levels for the remaining 3 aquifers have decreased.     

长株潭城市群推进绿色消费的政策重点与政策研究

长株潭城市群“两型社会”提倡从消费领域入手,以较少的资源消耗实现居民生活水平的提升,助推“两型社会”建设的良好作用机制。回顾了能源消费领域的研究进展,阐述了长株潭城市群推进绿色消费的背景,分析了长株潭城市群城乡居民日常消费现状与主要问题,在此基础上,提出了新时期长株潭城市群推进绿色消费的政策重点与政策建议,能够为“十三五”时期长株潭城市群绿色消费水平的提升提供一定的政策参考。     

镁-铝水滑石的制备及其脱色性能

以不同的Mg^2＋与Al^3＋摩尔比制备一系列的镁-铝水滑石，考察镁-铝水滑石对单一品种模拟分散染料废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明，以n（Mg^2＋）：n（Al^3＋）为3：1制得的镁-铝水滑石对模拟分散染料废水的脱色效果最好；脱色处理后的镁-铝水滑石再生后可重复使用，它对模拟分散染料废水的脱色效果与新的镁-铝水滑石的脱色效果几乎没有差别；在模拟分散染料废水pH为10～11、镁-铝水滑石的加入量为1.0g／L、反应2h的条件F，模拟分散染料废水的脱色率为98％。     

医疗废物高温蒸汽集中处置技术探讨

本文依据《关于医疗废物高温蒸汽集中处置要求》对医疗废物的高温蒸汽集中处置技术进行了探讨。     

催化氧化法去除烟气中NOx的研究进展

针对烟气中NOx的特点,从催化机理、催化活性和抗硫性能等角度分析了分子筛、活性炭、金属氧化物和贵金属等不同类型催化剂催化氧化NO的特点及存在的问题,指出：在保证NOx氧化度为50%~60%的前提下,降低催化反应的反应温度（低于200℃）和提高催化剂的抗硫性及抗水中毒性仍是今后研究的主攻方向;在活性组分方面应将Mn,Co,Cu,Cr,V等过渡金属氧化物作为研究重点,应选择酸性较强的或不易硫酸盐化的T iO2,S iO2等作为催化剂载体。     

联邦德国自然灾害保险述评

灾害保险作为减轻灾害损失的重要手段,受到了国际社会的广泛关注。本文评述了德国的自然灾害保险发展体系及保险人、保险业及国家在灾害保险中的职能关系,可为我国开展灾害保险提供借鉴。