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31.
Virginia W. Kupritz 《Journal of environmental psychology》1998,18(4):341-356
This study examines the impact of building design on privacy in two office environments at Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Inc., U.S.A. The findings offer a range of design resources that Facility Management at Gulfstream can utilize to manage privacy for their office workers. In a broader context, the theoretical considerations presented in this study, though still in their formative stage, offer additional insight into what office workers may think about privacy in the work environment. These theoretical considerations have far reaching implications for design professionals, and pending further research may prove cost effective. 相似文献
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Li J Guttikunda SK Carmichael GR Streets DG Chang YS Fung V 《Journal of environmental management》2004,70(1):49-62
Urban development in the mega-cities of Asia has caused detrimental effects on the human health of its inhabitants through air pollution. However, averting these health damages by investing in clean energy and industrial technologies and measures can be expensive. Many cities do not have the capital to make such investments or may prefer to invest that capital elsewhere. In this article, we examine the city of Shanghai, China, and perform an illustrative cost/benefit analysis of air pollution control. Between 1995 and 2020 we expect that Shanghai will continue to grow rapidly. Increased demands for energy will cause increased use of fossil fuels and increased emissions of air pollutants. In this work, we examine emissions of particles smaller than 10 microm in diameter (PM10), which have been associated with inhalation health effects. We hypothesize the establishment of a new technology strategy for coal-fired power generation after 2010 and a new industrial coal-use policy. The health benefits of pollution reduction are compared with the investment costs for the new strategies. The study shows that the benefit-to-cost ratio is in the range of 1-5 for the power-sector initiative and 2-15 for the industrial-sector initiative. Thus, there appear to be considerable net benefits for these strategies, which could be very large depending on the valuation of health effects in China today and in the future. This study therefore provides economic grounds for supporting investments in air pollution control in developing cities like Shanghai. 相似文献
34.
Hyland JL Balthis WL Engle VD Long ER Paul JF Summers JK Van Dolah RF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,81(1-3):149-161
Synoptic data on concentrations of sediment-associated chemical contaminants and benthic macroinfaunal community structure were collected from 1,389 stations in estuaries along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts as part of the nationwide Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). These data were used to develop an empirical framework for evaluating risks of benthic community-level effects within different ranges of sediment contamination from mixtures of multiple chemicals present at varying concentrations. Sediment contamination was expressed as the mean ratio of individual chemical concentrations relative to corresponding sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), including Effects Range-Median (ERM) and Probable Effects Level (PEL) values. Benthic condition was assessed using diagnostic, multi-metric indices developed for each of three EMAP provinces (Virginian, Carolinian, and Louisianian). Cumulative percentages of stations with a degraded benthic community were plotted against ascending values of the mean ERM and PEL quotients. Based on the observed relationships, mean SQG quotients were divided into four ranges corresponding to either a low, moderate, high, or very high incidence of degraded benthic condition. Results showed that condition of the ambient benthic community provides a reliable and sensitive indicator for evaluating the biological significance of sediment-associated stressors. Mean SQG quotients marking the beginning of the contaminant range associated with the highest incidence of benthic impacts (73–100% of samples, depending on the province and type of SQG) were well below those linked to high risks of sediment toxicity as determined by short-term toxicity tests with single species. Measures of the ambient benthic community reflect the sensitivities of multiple species and life stages to persistent exposures under actual field conditions. Similar results were obtained with preliminary data from the west coast (Puget Sound). 相似文献
35.
Summary Field observations were made on the mating behavior of two congeneric species of solitary bees, Anthidium porterae in an arid grassland and A. palliventre in a coastal sand dune habitat. Males of both species exhibited resource defence polygyny and defended hostplants to gain access to females foraging for nectar and pollen. The mating frequencies of marked and measured resident (territorial) males were monitored during periods of continuous observation, following which measurements of territory size and floral resources were obtained. Mating success of A. palliventre males was strongly influenced by territory characteristics: Males that defended small areas with a few rich hostplant patches mated more often than males that held larger territories containing many hostplant patches of low floral density. Large males generally held high-quality sites and thus had a mating advantage over smaller individuals. In A. porterae, on the other hand, male mating success was unrelated to any measure of territory quality. Copulation frequency and male size were positively correlated, however, apparently due to the increased ability of large males to seize and hold females for mating. The two species also differed in the incidence of non-territorial, sneaky males. While absent in A. palliventre, sneaky males accounted for 12% of all mating observed in A. porterae. Males of A. porterae that displayed sneaky tactics mated, on average, as often as resident males.
Offprint requests to: E.M. Villalobos 相似文献
36.
Virginia Wittrock Suren N. Kulshreshtha Elaine Wheaton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(3):267-290
Droughts can have severe negative effects on the environment, society and economy. The drought of 2001–2002 caused severe
strain on economic and social activities in western Canada, particularly on rural communities through changes in water resources.
This paper examines physical and social vulnerabilities and associated adaptation measures undertaken and the adaptive capacity
in communities in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, Canada. Although all of these communities were exposed to the 2001–2002
drought, they had different levels of impacts, resulting in different types of drought adaptation measures, some due to experience
with previous droughts and some in response to the 2001–2002 drought. Communities with unreliable water supply were the most
vulnerable to these droughts. This vulnerability resulted in historic adaptations being implemented (e.g., Hanna, Alberta)
and re-active adaptations (e.g., Cabri, Saskatchewan). It is important to examine the effectiveness of the current adaptive
strategies to cope with more extensive and extended drought situations. First Nation communities, such as the Kainai Blood
Indian Reserve, have many social and environmental issues but the impacts from the drought were minor. The Reserve had implemented
economic changes in the late 1980s to make it less vulnerable to drought but resulted in negative impacts to the Reserve’s
social health. It is imperative to determine how vulnerable First Nation communities are and will to improve future adaptive
capacity. This paper provides a snap shot view of how Canadian Prairie Communities have adapted to drought and how vulnerable
they are to future drought situations. 相似文献
37.
Virginia E. Villafañe Paul J. Janknegt Marco de Graaff Ronald J. W. Visser Willem H. van de Poll Anita G. J. Buma E. Walter Helbling 《Marine Biology》2008,154(6):1021-1029
During austral summer 2006, experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm)
on carbon fixation of natural phytoplankton assemblages from Patagonia (Argentina). Surface water samples were collected (ca.
100 m offshore) at mid morning using an acid-cleaned (1 N HCl) dark container. The short-term impact of UVR (measured as radiocarbon
incorporation) was immediately assessed by exposing samples to three artificial illumination treatments: PAR (400–700 nm),
PAR + UV-A (320–700 nm), and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (280–700 nm). Pico-nanoplankton characterized the assemblages, and taxon-specific
pigment fingerprinting combined with CHEMTAX and supplemented with microscopic observations showed varied proportions of diatoms,
chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria throughout January–February 2006. Photosynthetic efficiency, as assessed through assimilation
numbers, was high [between 4.4 and 10.4 μg C (μg chl-a)−1 h−1], and it was probably favored by the supply of inorganic nutrients from the Chubut River. UVR-induced photoinhibition appeared
to be related to the taxonomic composition: in general, higher photoinhibition was observed when diatoms dominated, whereas
this was lower when samples were dominated by chlorophytes. Our data suggest that xanthophyll pigments might have provided
only limited protection in these already highlighted acclimated assemblages. 相似文献
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Defining and measuring sustainability of bioenergy systems are difficult because the systems are complex, the science is in early stages of development, and there is a need to generalize what are inherently context-specific enterprises. These challenges, and the fact that decisions are being made now, create a need for improved communications among scientists as well as between scientists and decision makers. In order for scientists to provide information that is useful to decision makers, they need to come to an agreement on how to measure and report potential risks and benefits of diverse energy alternatives in a way that allows decision makers to compare options. Scientists also need to develop approaches that contribute information about problems and opportunities relevant to policy and decision making. The need for clear communication is especially important at this time when there is a plethora of scientific papers and reports and it is difficult for the public or decision makers to assess the merits of each analysis. We propose three communication guidelines for scientists whose work can contribute to decision making: (1) relationships between the question and the analytical approach should be clearly defined and make common sense; (2) the information should be presented in a manner that non-scientists can understand; and (3) the implications of methods, assumptions, and limitations should be clear. The scientists’ job is to analyze information to build a better understanding of environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic aspects of the sustainability of energy alternatives. The scientific process requires transparency, debate, review, and collaboration across disciplines and time. This paper serves as an introduction to the papers in the special issue on “Sustainability of Bioenergy Systems: Cradle to Grave” because scientific communication is essential to developing more sustainable energy systems. Together these four papers provide a framework under which the effects of bioenergy can be assessed and compared to other energy alternatives to foster sustainability. 相似文献
40.