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排序方式: 共有778条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
771.
Williams RL Bernard CE Dyk MB Ross JH Krieger RI 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(8):675-679
Human chemical exposures resulting from transfer of surface deposition on indoor nylon carpets may be estimated by measuring transferable residues (mu g chemical/cm2 carpet). A weighted roller developed at California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) has been extensively used to sample transferable residue for estimates of human exposure in risk characterization. A modified roller has been developed to evaluate the influence of pressure on transferable chemical residue since weight and force (or pressure, kg/m2) may vary person-to-person and activity-to-activity. A 30.5 cm diameter roller was used to apply 60 to 2100 kg/m2 to bracket pressures exerted by humans on a flat nylon-carpeted surface. Measurements of transferable cyfluthrin residues were made after 1, 7, and 21 days. Total Soxhlet extractable cyfluthrin residues were relatively constant during the test period. Residue transferability decreased during the study period. Modest increases in the transferability of surface residues were observed over the broad range of pressures applied by the modified roller. 相似文献
772.
In this study we have investigated the possibility of processing waste rubber gloves using pyrolysis. Y-zeolite catalyst was employed to upgrade the pyrolysis products to give higher yields of valuable aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylenes. The composition of the pyrolysis products was determined using gas chromatography with linked mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatograph fitted with dual thermal conductivity detectors (GC-TCD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FT-IR). It was found that when rubber gloves were pyrolysed in the absence of a catalyst, the pyrolysis oil consisted mainly of limonene and oligomers of polyisoprene. When Y-zeolite was added to the reaction system, the yields of toluene, xylene, methylbenzenes, ethylbenzenes, and naphthalenes increased dramatically. The Y-zeolite also catalysed the decomposition of limonene, which was absent from the catalytic pyrolysis products. The presence of the Y-zeolite catalyst also increased the yield of hydrocarbon gases. The tests were carried out at both 380 degrees C and 480 degrees C and it was found that the higher reaction temperature led to increased yields of all the major compounds, both in the presence and absence of the Y-zeolite catalyst. 相似文献
773.
774.
Johnson AC Williams RJ Simpson P Kanda R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(1):194-202
An assessment of the steroid estrogen removing performance of 23 different sewage treatment plants (STPs) was performed. The assessment relied on a model to estimate influent concentrations, and completed questionnaires on the STP treatment details from the relevant water companies. This information was compared with observed effluent 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) concentrations. The 10 biological filter plants (BFP) in the study performed poorly with only 30% (SD 31) removal on average for E1. This reduced E1 removal performance of the BFPs compared to all the other STP types in the survey was statistically significant (p<0.001). Scenarios of all the STPs as activated sludge types, and one as all BFP types were modelled using the GREAT-ER model set up for the Aire/Calder catchment in the UK. This difference was shown to have an important effect on predicted river E1 concentrations and consequent risk classifications. 相似文献
775.
Influence of temperature on PCDD/PCDF desorption from waste incineration flyash under nitrogen 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A municipal solid waste incinerator flyash was heated to between 200 and 400 degrees C under nitrogen in a bench-scale, static bed reactor for 4 days soak time. The influence of temperature on the levels of PCDD and PCDF remaining in and desorbed from the ash were investigated using GC-MS/MS. PCDD and especially PCDF formation was seen on the flyash between 225 and 300 degrees C. Large increases in the I-TEQ of the treated ash relative to the increase in its overall PCDD/PCDF content indicated that the formation of 2378-substituted congeners was favoured over that of other substitution patterns. In the absence of a source of gaseous oxygen, formation was mainly attributed to de novo reactions involving solid phase oxygen. Dechlorination of the PCDD/PCDF in flyash became increasingly important above 275 degrees C. Maximum desorption was seen at 325 degrees C, with the equivalent of 35 wt% of the PCDD/F in the original flyash being recovered from the exhaust traps at this temperature. The desorbed species were mainly M(1)CDD/CDDF-T(3)CDD/CDDF resulting from dechlorination of higher chlorinated PCDD/PCDF, with consequently low I-TEQ values. 相似文献
776.
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Estimates of non-market values are valuable for policy makers. However, evidence of the stability of value estimates over long timeframes is limited.... 相似文献
777.
Nicholas E. Williams Seeta A. Sistla Daniel B. Kramer Kara J. Stevens Adam B. Roddy 《Conservation biology》2022,36(1):e13784
Coastal zones, which connect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are among the most resource-rich regions globally and home to nearly 40% of the global human population. Because human land-based activities can alter natural processes in ways that affect adjacent aquatic ecosystems, land-sea interactions are increasingly recognized as critical to coastal conservation planning and governance. However, the complex socioeconomic dynamics inherent in coastal and marine socioecological systems (SESs) have received little consideration. Drawing on knowledge generalized from long-term studies in Caribbean Nicaragua, we devised a conceptual framework that clarifies the multiple ways socioeconomically driven behavior can link the land and sea. In addition to other ecosystem effects, the framework illustrates how feedbacks resulting from changes to aquatic resources can influence terrestrial resource management decisions and land uses. We assessed the framework by applying it to empirical studies from a variety of coastal SESs. The results suggest its broad applicability and highlighted the paucity of research that explicitly investigates the effects of human behavior on coastal SES dynamics. We encourage researchers and policy makers to consider direct, indirect, and bidirectional cross-ecosystem links that move beyond traditionally recognized land-to-sea processes. 相似文献
778.
Brooke A. Williams James E.M. Watson Hawthorne L. Beyer Carissa J. Klein Jamie Montgomery Rebecca K. Runting Leslie A. Roberson Benjamin S. Halpern Hedley S. Grantham Caitlin D. Kuempel Melanie Frazier Oscar Venter Amelia Wenger 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13874
Management of the land–sea interface is essential for global conservation and sustainability objectives because coastal regions maintain natural processes that support biodiversity and the livelihood of billions of people. However, assessments of coastal regions have focused strictly on either the terrestrial or marine realm. Consequently, understanding of the overall state of Earth's coastal regions is poor. We integrated the terrestrial human footprint and marine cumulative human impact maps in a global assessment of the anthropogenic pressures affecting coastal regions. Of coastal regions globally, 15.5% had low anthropogenic pressure, mostly in Canada, Russia, and Greenland. Conversely, 47.9% of coastal regions were heavily affected by humanity, and in most countries (84.1%) >50% of their coastal regions were degraded. Nearly half (43.3%) of protected areas across coastal regions were exposed to high human pressures. To meet global sustainability objectives, all nations must undertake greater actions to preserve and restore the coastal regions within their borders. 相似文献