Lead,zinc and copper accumulation and tolerance in populations of Paspalum distichum and Cynodon dactylon

Both Fankou and Lechang lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings located at Guangdong Province contained high levels of total and DTPA-extractable Pb, Zn and Cu. Paspalum distichum and Cynodon dactylon were dominant species colonized naturally on the tailings. Lead, zinc and copper accumulation and tolerance of different populations of the two grasses growing on the tailings were investigated. Tillers of these populations including those from an uncontaminated area were subjected to the following concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg l(-1) Pb, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg (l-1) Zn, or 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 mg l(-1) Cu for 14 days, respectively, then tolerance index (TI) and EC50 (the concentrations of metals in solutions which reduce 50% of normal root growth) were calculated. The results indicated that both Lechang and Fankou populations of the two grasses showed a greater tolerance to the three metals than those growing on the uncontaminated area, which suggested that co-tolerant ecotypes have evolved in the two grasses. P. distichum collected from Fankou tailings had the highest tolerance to Cu while Lechang population the highest tolerance to Pb and Zn among the tested populations, and tolerance levels in P. distichum were related to metal concentrations in the plants. P. distichum had a better growth performance than C. dactylon when both of them were grown on the tailings sites. Tolerant populations of these species would serve as potential candidates for re-vegetation of wastelands contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cu.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(Ⅲ) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration(UF)membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al_2(SO_4)_3·18 H_2O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O,more EPS were induced with Fe_2(SO_4)_3·x18H_2O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe_2(SO_4)_3·x18H_2O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al_2(SO_4)_3·18 H_2O,resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

北京市秋冬大气污染传输特征遥感研究

综合地基遥感、卫星遥感与地面监测数据对北京市2016年10月—2017年3月的污染来源及传输特征进行分析,并结合气象数据对污染形成的气象条件进行研究.结果表明,冬季重污染发生频率最高,2016年12月和2017年1月发生频率均超过30%.平缓型污染以本地来源为主,单峰型和多峰型污染由本地污染与区域传输共同导致.平缓型和单峰型本地污染集中在北京中南部,多峰型扩散至全市.区域传输方向均以西南为主,单峰型和多峰型存在东南传输.单峰型以1次传输为主,多峰型均为多次传输.传输层的高度差异较大,但均在0.3～0.5 km高度存在低空传输层,并且存在高于1.0 km的高空传输.平缓型、单峰型和多峰型污染的垂直延伸高度分别为0.5、0.7和1.0 km.研究污染发生时的气象条件,发现污染发生时风向均以西南风为主,发生频率高于60%,其次为东南风.相对湿度和消光系数随污染等级提升逐渐升高,当相对湿度高于70%时,多峰型污染消光系数高于2.0 km~(-1)的频率达到63.33%.3种类型污染发生时的逆温频率均高于75%,高强度的贴地逆温是造成本地污染的成因之一.     

高校学生公寓应急疏散模拟与优化

运用应急疏散软件Pathfinder对某高校学生公寓的人员疏散进行了模拟,结果表明,休息时间段内公寓发生的突发事件更容易造成人员疏散运动时间的延长;同等条件下女生比男生所需要的人员疏散运动时间更长。通过合理规划疏散路线,对原有模型进行了优化,并使用人员疏散运动时间和单位有效疏散宽度使用率两个指标,来定量对比优化前后人员疏散的均衡度和疏散效果,给高校学生公寓的应急和安全管理工作提供参考。     

军用飞机结构类型聚类分析

选取某型飞机16个典型结构,采用温、湿度测量仪测量其局部温、湿度,测量周期为2个月,分别获得673个有效温、湿度实测数据。根据实测数据,采用模糊聚类算法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0．7时,飞机结构类型可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3种典型结构形式。     

太湖梅梁湾水体组分吸收特性季节差异分析

利用2006年8月、11月和2007年3月太湖梅梁湾水样实验室测定的水体组分固有光学特性数据和水质分析数据,分析水体中各组分在不同季节的吸收特性,并讨论不同季节光谱吸收的主导因子.结果表明,各组分在不同季节其吸收特性存在一定的差异,总悬浮吸收系数在夏季最大,在440 nm平均吸收系数为(7.49 4±3.0)m-1,春季最小,440 nm平均吸收系数为(2.86±0.73)m-1,且不同季节其吸收类型不同;非藻类颗粒吸收特性的季节性差异相对较小,其吸收系数和S值的差异主要是由于无机悬浮物含量和组成的不同导致的;由于藻类含量的差异导致浮游藻类吸收系数在夏季最大,675 nm平均吸收系数为(5.49±3.5)m-1,秋季次之675 nm平均吸收系数为(2.03±1.14)m-1,春季最小,675 nm平均吸收系数为(0.62±0.25)m-1;而有色可溶件有机物(chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)吸收系数和S值的季节差异性主要是由于其来源的不同,导致其浓度和成分的不同形成的.春、秋季由于无机悬浮物含量较高,非藻类颗粒物对总吸收的贡献大于其他组分,是水体总吸收的主导因子,而夏季由于浮游藻类含量较高,使其成为水下光谱的主要影响因素.     

把握房地产开发建设项目竣工环保验收监测工作的重要环节

以南京市房地产开发项目环保验收监测中具体作法为实例,总结归纳了此类项目环境保护验收监测工作中现场勘察、产污环节、监测因子等重要环节的内容。     

镉诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺细胞凋亡研究

应用显微与亚显微技术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0、7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg·L-1)处理不同时间(24、48、72和96h)对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)肝胰腺细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,29.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理48h,光镜下肝胰腺细胞凋亡主要表现为染色质不规则凝聚、固缩和边集;58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h,细胞核碎裂,形成凋亡小体;116mg·L-1Cd2+处理96h,出现坏死细胞;电镜下48h和72h处理组肝胰腺细胞呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征,与光镜检测结果一致,具体表现为核边集、核膜折叠、核裂解形成凋亡小体.琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱中48和72h处理组出现凋亡细胞所特有的DNA梯状条带,58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h后条带尤为清晰.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中凋亡细胞所占比例呈现先升后降的趋势,凋亡指数的变化表现出显著的剂量和时间效应关系.研究表明,镉能够诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺出现细胞凋亡.细胞凋亡的检测及凋亡指数的变化能够灵敏地反映出镉对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为水生态环境镉污染的生物评估指标.     

CFP(青色荧光蛋白)大肠杆菌用于表征好氧-厌氧反复耦合反应器细胞溶解特性的研究

构建了采用青色荧光蛋白(CFP)大肠杆菌快速示踪好氧-厌氧反复耦合(rCAA)反应器内溶胞特性的新方法.研究结果表明,rCAA反应器厌氧区域内的污泥上清液以及反应器后部好氧区域内的污泥上清液对大肠杆菌内CFP的释放具有明显的促进作用,说明这些区域的污泥上清液具有显著的溶菌作用.其中,厌氧区域污泥上清液对荧光细菌作用7h后的平均破碎率可以达到70%,且大肠杆菌胞内CFP的释放速度与初始荧光菌浓度以及污泥上清浓度有密切的关系.同时,研究结果进一步表明,厌氧区域污泥上清液具有的溶菌活性可能主要来自于污泥胞外的水解酶.     

CIBR污泥吸附有机物机理及应用

通过吸附实验考察连续流间歇生物反应器(CIBR)中污泥对有机物的吸附效果及吸附类型,分析好氧、缺氧和厌氧环境对污泥吸附有机物能力的影响,进而探讨污泥的吸附能力在CIBR实现有机物高效去除中的作用.实验结果表明,污泥对有机物的吸附主要是物理吸附.好氧/缺氧/厌氧环境对活性污泥及其灭活污泥吸附有机物能力影响不大,各环境下平均吸附率分别达到54.09％和48.62％.污泥良好的吸附能力及其先吸附后生物降解的特性,保证了CIBR混合液中COD值始终低于30 mg/L.