基于RAMS-CMAQ模拟的2019年初威海市大气污染反弹成因研究

威海市是山东省东部最典型的沿海城市,也是中国、日本、韩国大气污染相互传输影响的重要通道.虽然威海市大气质量已连续4年达标,但其污染仍时有反弹.2019年1-2月威海市大气NO₂和PM_2.5浓度反弹率分别达48.5%和35.0%,明显高于山东省内陆地区和京津冀地区平均水平.通过对同期空气质量例行监测数据和气象资料统计分析、空气质量模型RAMS-CMAQ模拟和后向轨迹聚类等方法定量剖析了威海市大气污染反弹的原因.结果表明,威海市2019年1-2月空气污染反弹与气象条件及其相关联的污染物区域输送有较大的相关性,与2018年同期相比,冷空气活动弱、降水量偏少、风速偏低、受来自山东内陆和京津冀相对高污染区污染输送影响偏多是造成本次污染反弹的主要诱因.RAMS-CMAQ模拟显示,相同排放源假定下,由气象条件及其引起的区域传输造成的PM_2.5和NO₂浓度反弹,2019年1、2月较2018年同期PM_2.5浓度增加值分别为8、3 μg·m^-3,分别占总反弹率的53%、37.5%,NO₂浓度增加值分别为10、7.5 μg·m^-3,分别占总反弹率的58.8%、40%.说明威海市空气质量受外来输送明显、扩散条件及区域污染输送是空气质量评估不容忽视的重要因素.     

频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用

针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。     

西藏羊卓雍湖流域土壤环境中物质含量与流失的初步探讨

本文利用随机布点法,布点采集西藏羊卓雍湖（羊湖）流域的土坯样品,测定了SiO2、Si、Al2O3、Al、TFe2O3、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、MnO、SO3等12种物质含量。结果表明,七种主要类型土壤相互间元素含量有一定的差异;同一土壤中元素含量波动较大。本文还对羊湖流域的土壤进行了淋洗实验,计算了八种离子的淋失量。      

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

改进的还原偶氮光度法同时快速测定水中硝基苯和苯胺

对测定方法进行了改进,建立了用还原-偶氮分光光度法同时快速测定水中硝基苯和苯胺的分析方法。根据实验原理,对样品前处理装置进行了改进,实验步骤得到了简化,避免了样品溶液过滤转移过程造成样品损失,使样品前处理实验效率提高了90%以上;改进后的测定方法不仅可快速测定样品中硝基苯,还可同时测定样品中苯胺;达到了用一种分析方法同时测定样品中两种污染物的目的。方法精密度测定结果,相对标准偏差(n=6,RSD)为1.9%~3.2%;对硝基苯、苯胺混合标准样品以及实际废水样品进行了测定,并与原测定方法及苯胺国标测定方法进行了比对实验;测定结果具有一致性。加标实验回收率为96%~101%,表明方法准确可靠,可用于水和废水中硝基苯或硝基苯和苯胺的同时测定。     

Source,distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust from Tianjin,China

To better assess and understand potential health risk of urban residents exposed to urban street dust, the total concentration, sources, and distribution of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 87 urban street dust samples from Tianjin as a Chinese megacity that has undergone rapid urbanization were investigated. In the meantime, potential sources of PAHs were identified using the principal component analysis (PCA), and the risk of residents’ exposure to PAHs via urban street dust was calculated using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. The results showed that the total PAHs (∑PAHs) in urban street dust from Tianjin ranged from 538 μg kg^?1 to 34.3 mg kg^?1, averaging 7.99 mg kg^?1. According to PCA, the two to three- and four to six-ring PAHs contributed 10.3 and 89.7 % of ∑PAHs, respectively. The ratio of the sum of major combustion specific compounds (ΣCOMB)?/?∑PAHs varied from 0.57 to 0.79, averaging 0.64. The ratio of Ant/(Ant?+?Phe) varied from 0.05 to 0.41, averaging 0.10; Fla/(Fla?+?Pyr) from 0.40 to 0.68, averaging 0.60; BaA/(BaA?+?Chry) from 0.29 to 0.51, averaging 0.38; and IcdP/(IcdP?+?BghiP) from 0.07 to 0.37, averaging 0.22. The biomass combustion, coal combustion, and traffic emission were the main sources of PAHs in urban street dust with the similar proportion. According to the ILCR model, the total cancer risk for children and adults was up to 2.55?×?10^?5 and 9.33?×?10^?5, respectively.     

Air pollution and health studies in China--policy implications

During the rapid economic development in China, ambient air pollutants in major cities, including PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =10 microm) and SO2 have been reduced due to various measures taken to reduce or control sources of emissions, whereas NO2 is stable or slightly increased. However, air pollution levels in China are still at the higher end of the world level. Less information is available regarding changes in national levels of other pollutants such as PM2.5 and ozone. The Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (MOEP) set an index for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" to evaluate the efficacy of air pollution control strategy in the country. Total SO2 emissions declined for the first time in 2007. Chinese epidemiologic studies evidenced adverse health effects of ambient air pollution similar to those reported from developed countries, though risk estimates on mortality/morbidity per unit increase of air pollutant are somewhat smaller than those reported in developed countries. Disease burden on health attributable to air pollution is relatively greater in China because of higher pollution levels. Improving ambient air quality has substantial and measurable public health benefits in China. It is recommended that the current Chinese air quality standards be updated/revised and the target for "controlling/reducing total SO2 emissions" be maintained and another target for "reducing total NO2 emissions" be added in view of rapid increase in motor vehicles. Continuous and persistent efforts should be taken to improve ambient air quality.     

浅析贵州草海湖区的生态灾害

本文以草海为例分析了生态系统遭人为破坏后发生的一系列灾害性事件,从中进一步分析了生态灾害的一般性特征,并提出了相应的灾害对策。     

基于GIS的矿区灾害防治系统设计

根据地理信息系统的基本思想，结合矿区灾害的特点设计了矿区灾害防治系统（MDPS）。利用GIS特有的分析功能，对矿区灾害数据库进行交互操作，形成了三个子系统，并对它们进行了分析。本系统的实施可以对矿区灾害的防治进行科学决策。     

啤酒废酵母的综合利用

啤酒废酵母含有丰富的营养物质，许多啤酒厂并没有充分利用，而是作为废弃物排入啤酒废水，增加了啤酒废水的处理负荷和难度。针对这种情况，我们利用本厂啤酒废酵母进行了生产酵母抽提物及营养酱油的研究，取得了满意的效果。不仅获得了优质产品，而且大大降低了啤酒酵母的污染负荷。