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11.
Extremely high organic load and the toxic nature of olive mill wastewater (OMW) prevent their direct discharge into domestic wastewater treatment systems. In addition to the various treatment schemes designed for such wastewater, controlled land spreading of untreated OMW has been suggested as an alternative mean of disposal. A field study was conducted between October 2004 and September 2005 to assess possible effects of OMW on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity. The experiment was carried out in an organic orchard located on a Vertisol-type soil (Jezre'el Valley, Israel) and included two application levels of OMW (36 and 72m(3)ha(-1)). Total microbial counts, and to less extent the hydrolytic activity and soil respiration were increased following the high OMW application level. A bench-scale lab experiment showed that the rate of OMW mineralization was mainly dependent on the general status of soil activity and was not related to previous acclimatization of the soil microflora to OMW. Soil phytotoxicity (% germination and root elongation) was assessed in soil extracts of samples collected before and after each OMW application, using germinating cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. We found direct short-term effect of OMW application on soil phytotoxicity. However, the soil was partly or completely recovered between successive applications. No further phytotoxicity was observed in treated soils as compared with control soil, 3 months after OMW application. Such short-term phytotoxicity was not in correlation with measured EC and total polyphenols in the soil extracts. Overall, the results of this study further support a safe controlled OMW spreading on lands that are not associated with sensitive aquifers. 相似文献
12.
Sociality in some birds, mammals, and social insects was suggested to have evolved through the lengthening and extension of
parental care behaviors to nondirect descendents. In these systems, group members care for young cooperatively and, thus,
increase the reproductive success of the breeders and fitness of the young. Parental care behaviors, such as regurgitation
feeding and matriphagy (consumption of the mother), occur in several subsocial and social spiders. However, it is not known
whether females in a colony cooperate in caring for the young of other females and whether such cooperative care improves
reproductive success. To answer this question, we created experimental colonies of the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae), allowing only one female in a group to produce young, simulating reproductive skew occurring in nests
in nature. In this paper, we show for the first time that females of S. dumicola cooperate in providing regurgitated food for young of other females and are even eaten by those young. Young raised by a
group of females were larger and had greater survival than young raised only by their mother. Thus, fitness benefits from
raising broods cooperatively may have favored the evolution of sociality in spiders. 相似文献
13.
Charles W. Gruber George A. Jutze Norman A. Huey 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):327-330
Abstract An airborne lidar was used to study the smoke plume from the burning of a controlled oil spill on the ocean. The ratio of the amount of light (at a wavelength, λ, of 0.532 u.m) backscattered by the smoke to the amount of light extinguished by the smoke was determined by measuring the strength of a laser beam after it had passed through the smoke plume, been reflected from the ocean, and passed through the smoke plume again, and comparing this to the strength of the laser beam reflected directly from the ocean. The optical depth of the smoke (at λ = 0.532 µm) was typically between 0.2 and 0.5. The mass fluxes of smoke particles that passed through four vertical cross sections of the (nonsteady state) smoke plume were estimated from lidar measurements to be 142, 175, 423, and 414 g s-1, compared to an average smoke mass production rate of ~770 g s-1. The spatial distribution of smoke mass along the long axis of the plume was also estimated from the lidar measurements; derived smoke mass concentrations were generally <300 µg m-3, with a few isolated values up to ~800 µg m-3. 相似文献
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Herrera-Moreno José Francisco Medina-Díaz Irma Martha Bernal-Hernández Yael Yvette Ramos Kenneth S. Alvarado-Cruz Isabel Quintanilla-Vega Betzabet González-Arias Cyndia Azucena Barrón-Vivanco Briscia Socorro Rojas-García Aurora Elizabeth 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(15):15124-15135
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Gene-specific changes in DNA methylation by pesticides in occupationally exposed populations have not been studied extensively. Of particular concern... 相似文献
16.
James S. Gruber 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):52-66
This article examines recent research on approaches to community-based environmental and natural resource management and reviews
the commonalities and differences between these interdisciplinary and multistakeholder initiatives. To identify the most effective
characteristics of Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), I collected a multiplicity of perspectives from research
teams and then grouped findings into a matrix of organizational principles and key characteristics. The matrix was initially
vetted (or “field tested”) by applying numerous case studies that were previously submitted to the World Bank International
Workshop on CBNRM. These practitioner case studies were then compared and contrasted with the findings of the research teams.
It is hoped that the developed matrix may be useful to researchers in further focusing research, understanding core characteristics
of effective and sustainable CBNRM, providing practitioners with a framework for developing new CBNRM initiatives for managing
the commons, and providing a potential resource for academic institutions during their evaluation of their practitioner-focused
environmental management and leadership curriculum. 相似文献
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Tova Rosenbloom Author Vitae Yael Sapir-Lavid Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):33-39
Introduction
Social norms for accompanied young children and crossing behaviors were examined in two studies conducted in an Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community in Israel.Method
In Study 1, road behaviors of young children crossing with and without accompaniment and older children were observed, and the actual social norm for accompanied school children younger than 9-years-old was examined. In Study 2, the perceived norm of accompaniment was tested by questionnaires.Results
Young children who crossed without accompaniment exhibited poorer crossing skills compared to older children and to young children crossing with accompaniment. In the four locations observed, the actual accompaniment rate ranged between 15%-60%. The perceived social norm for child accompaniment was lower than the actual norm.Conclusions
The discussion refers to both theoretical issues and their practical implications. 相似文献20.
The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) describes a state of extensive fetal multi organ involvement during chorioamnionitis, and is associated with grave implications on perinatal outcome. The syndrome has been linked to the preterm parturition syndrome and is associated with inflammation/infection processes in most of the fetal organs. The fetal thymus, a major organ in the developing immune system involutes during severe neonatal disease and has been shown to be smaller in fetuses with FIRS. Various methods for imaging of the fetal thymus and measurement are described. Currently the only method to diagnose FIRS prenatally is through amniocentesis. We suggest that women who are admitted with preterm labor with intact membranes and those with PPROM should have a detailed sonographic examination of the fetal thymus as a surrogate marker of fetal involvement in intrauterine infection/inflammation processes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献