玉米芯为碳源固定化硫酸盐还原菌污泥代谢特性

以聚乙烯醇为包埋载体,饱和硼酸为交联剂,制作了玉米芯为内聚缓释碳源的固定化硫酸盐还原菌污泥颗粒。通过厌氧批实验研究了在模拟酸性矿山废水(AMD)条件下玉米芯含量、初始SO2-4和Mn2+负荷以及p H对固定化颗粒代谢特性的影响,初步分析了固定化颗粒处理AMD的机理及可行性。实验结果表明,玉米芯在微生物作用下快速水解并产生有机物累积后,固定化颗粒才能迅速还原SO2-4,且玉米芯含量≤5%时硫酸盐还原率与玉米芯含量成正相关,玉米芯的水解会略微降低体系的p H;初始SO2-4浓度通过改变体系中COD/SO2-4和颗粒内外的浓度差影响固定化颗粒的代谢过程,而对玉米芯水解的影响不显著。初始p H为2~6和Mn2+浓度≤55 mg/L时对固定化颗粒活性抑制作用不明显,初始p H越低越利于玉米芯的水解和颗粒形成良好的孔隙结构;颗粒对Mn2+的去除机理是一种不依赖微生物活性的快速化学吸附作用,可用伪二级动力学模型描述吸附过程(R2=0.995)。     

运行条件及温度对陈垃圾反应器效能的影响及菌群结构分析

以上海老港填埋场填埋垃圾为填料构建陈垃圾反应器,通过调节反应器的水力负荷、回流比以及所处的环境温度,考察了反应器对成熟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、BOD5和COD处理效果的影响,同时采用PCR-DGGE方法分析了不同条件下微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在15℃温度下,水力负荷由8.5 L/(m3·d)升高至17 L/(m3·d)时,反应器对污染物BOD5和NH3-N的去除效率没有改变,而对COD和TN的去除效率有明显提升;当增加回流时,反应器对污染物的去除效果没有显著差异,未能提高脱氮效率;当环境温度从15℃提高到30℃时,NH3-N和BOD5接近完全去除,COD的去除率从73.1%提高到82.4%,TN的去除率从27.3%提高到43.7%,明显提高了反应器效能。群落结构分析表明,在本研究条件下增加回流比对反应器中细菌群落结构影响不大;提高水力负荷使得上部群落结构多样性提高;而温度提高时,反应器上、下部细菌的种类数量都明显增加,多样性提高。表明在陈垃圾反应器运行时,环境温度对其效能和群落结构的影响较大。     

含铜废催化剂中铜的回收

采用热解—氨浸工艺处理含铜废催化剂（w（Cu）为23.6%），优化了工艺条件，并通过蒸氨还原法制备出Cu₂O产品。实验结果表明：热解工段中，控制管式热解炉的空气流量为3.0 m³/min，在升温速率20 ℃/min、热解终温600 ℃、终温保持时间90 min的优化条件下，含铜废催化剂中的有机物热解完全;氨浸工段中，以NH₄Cl-NH₃-H₂O溶液为氨浸液，控制氨浸温度为40 ℃，在烧成料研磨时间90 min（粒径29.43 μm）、氨浸液总氨浓度4 mol/L、氨浸时间80 min的优化条件下，铜浸出率达到98%;经蒸氨还原法制得的Cu₂O产品的质量符合HG/T 2961—2010《工业氧化亚铜》中的一等品标准，产率为24%。     

水中典型内分泌干扰物双酚A的去除技术研究进展

水中双酚A的生物毒性作用,以及其对动物和人体内分泌系统的干扰影响已引起国内外研究人员的广泛关注。通过对水体中双酚A的来源和污染特征的分析,综述了目前对水中双酚A去除技术的研究进展,指出膜分离技术将成为水中双酚A去除技术的主要研究发展方向。     

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究新进展

微生物浸出技术是处理低品位矿石的有效措施。但目前我国主要针对硫化矿的自养微生物浸出进行研发,而对异养微生物浸出氧化型矿石研究很少。异养微生物可通过其产生的代谢产物的酸解、还原、碱解及络合作用来提取或者溶解低品位氧化物型镍钴矿中的镍、钴金属,有助于解决目前我国镍钴资源短缺及为重金属污染治理提供技术方法。本文针对低品位氧化型镍钴矿、风化壳、以及冶金渣、废电池、废催化剂等二次资源,介绍了世界镍钴资源的现状和低品位氧化物型镍钴矿的资源类型,对异养微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究现状进行了剖析,指出了异养微生物冶金的主要浸矿条件和存在难题,提出了氧化物型镍钴矿微生物浸取的研究方向。     

太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索

农村环境连片整治以解决区域性突出环境问题为目的,对地域空间上相对聚集在一起的多个村庄实施同步、集中整治是使环境问题得到有效解决的治理方式。本文阐述了农村环境问题的现状及开展农村环境保护的背景,从农村环境连片整治的特点出发,以常州武进区雪堰镇农村环境综合整治示范点成功开展整治工作为例,进行太湖流域地区开展农村环境连片整治的探索,并总结了在太湖流域地区成功开展农村环境连片整治的建议及农村环保工作的导向。     

危险废物鉴别监测现状、问题及建议研究

危险废物鉴别技术是危险废物监管中重要的技术支撑。现有的危险废物鉴别技术在危险废物监管中发挥了巨大的作用,但在实际鉴别工作中,还存在一些不足。对危险废物鉴别工作现状进行了具体阐述,同时指出了危险废物名录灵活性不够、危废鉴别标准项目待梳理、鉴别时间周期长、采样数大等存在的问题,并针对性提出解决问题的工作建议。