基于多准则决策的长江经济带国土空间脆弱性与恢复力研究

科学评估国土空间脆弱性与恢复力并解释其时空分布特征,能为国土空间开发与保护相关决策提供参考。采用综合指数法和有序加权平均(Ordered Weighted Averaging, OWA)法分别评价和模拟长江经济带市域国土空间脆弱性及国土空间恢复力,并对二者的组合情况进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)2008-2017年间长江经济带国土空间脆弱性指数有明显下降趋势,累计下降率为16.49%,脆弱性指数从西向东逐步下降;(2)长江经济带"生态优先型""维持现状型""开发优先型"政策情景下国土空间恢复力分别处于较高(占47.22%)、中等(占35.19%)、低恢复力(占99.07%)水平;(3)长江经济带国土空间以低脆弱性—中等恢复力、低脆弱性—较低恢复力为主导,占30.63%,国土空间整体脆弱性低,恢复力处于较低至中等水平。     

Adsorption of 17β-estradiol from aqueous solution by raw and direct/pre/post-KOH treated lotus seedpod biochar

Five biochars derived from lotus seedpod(LSP) were applied to examine and compare the adsorption capacity of 17β-estradiol(E2) from aqueous solution.The effect of KOH activation and the order of activation steps on material properties were discussed.The effect of contact time,initial concentration,p H,ionic strength and humic acid on E2 adsorption were investigated in a batch adsorption process.Experimental results demonstrated that the pseudo second-order model fitted the experimental data best...     

Development of a static test apparatus for evaluating the performance of three PM2.5 separators commonly used in China

PM_(2.5) separator directly affects the accuracy of PM_(2.5) sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM_(2.5) separator is particularly important,especially under China's wide variation of terrain and climate.In this study,first a static test apparatus based on polydisperse aerosol was established and calibrated to evaluate the performance of the PM_(2.5) separators.A uniform mixing chamber was developed to make particles mix completely.The aerosol concentration relative standard deviations of three test points at the same horizontal chamber position were less than 0.57%,and the particle size distribution obeyed logarithmic normal distribution with an R~2 of 0.996.The flow rate deviation between the measurement and the set point flow rate agreed to within ± 1.0% in the range of -40 to 50℃.Secondly,the separation,flow and loading characteristics of three cyclone separators(VSCC-A,SCC-A and SCC112) were evaluated using this system.The results showed that the 50% cutoff sizes(D_(50)) of the three cyclones were 2.48,2.47 and 2.44 μm when worked at the manufacturer's recommended flow rates,respectively.The geometric standard deviation(GSD) of the capture efficiency of VSCCA was 1.23,showed a slightly sharper than SCC-A(GSD = 1.27),while the SCC112 did not meet the relevant indicator(GSD = 1.2 ± 0.1) with a GSD = 1.44.The flow rate and loading test had a great effect on D_(50),while the GSD remained almost the same as before.In addition,the maintenance frequency under different air pollution conditions of the cyclones was summarized according to the loading test.     

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_2.5) fraction in road dust(RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin,30 road dust(RD) samples were collected in Kashi,Cele,and Yutian in the spring,2018,and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach.Eight watersoluble ions,39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed.Ca     

关于排污权交易市场设置的探索研究

排污权交易在我国经过了近30年的探索和实践,仍然停留在试点工作上的原因在于该制度的推广还存在一些困难。本文针对我国部分排污权交易试点地区由于市场容量过小,导致排污权供给不足,出现供不应求情况的问题,以山西省排污权交易开展现状为例,从人口、经济、政策环境等方面对影响市场设置的因素作出初步探索和分析,认为按照省级行政区域来划分市场范围是目前比较合理的选择,可以充分发挥排污权交易机制在市场资源配置方面的作用。     

蒸发-固化法处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的研究

采用蒸发-固化工艺处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液。蒸发工艺可将反渗透浓缩液减量化,固化工艺可将蒸发残留液中的污染物稳定化。研究表明,蒸发残留液宜采用水泥和石灰混合料进行固化,混合料最佳水泥与石灰质量比约为1︰2,每100 mL蒸发残留液(质量约为120 g)最佳投加量为50 g。固化体含水率低于40%,抗压强度高于1.0 MPa,适合填埋处置,其浸出液污染物含量较低。采用硅酸钠和硫酸钙作为添加剂可加快固化速度,提高固化体的抗压强度。利用蒸发-固化工艺处理反渗透浓缩液可取得良好的经济和社会效益。     

Biological removal of air loaded with a hydrogen sulfide and ammonia mixture

The nuisance impact of air pollutant emissions from wastewater pumping stations is a major issue of concern to China. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are commonly the primary odor and are important targets for removal. An alternative control technology, biofiltration, was studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with compost in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment, and to establish optimal operating conditions for a full-scale conceptual design. The laboratory scale biofilter packed with compost was continuously supplied with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas mixtures. A volumetric load of less than 150 gH2S/(m^3.d) and 230 gNH3/(m^3.d) was applied for about fifteen weeks. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia elimination occurred in the biofilter simultaneously. The removal efficiency, removal capacity and removal kinetics in the biofilter were studied. The hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency reached was very high above 99%, and ammonia removal efficiency was about 80%. Hydrogen sulfide was oxidized into sulphate. The ammonia oxidation products were nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia in the biofilter was mainly removed by adsorption onto the carrier material and by absorption into the water fraction of the carrier material. High percentages of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia were oxidized in the first section of the column. Through kinetics analysis, the presence of ammonia did not hinder the hydrogen sulfide removal. According to the relationship between pressure drop and gas velocity for the biofilter and Reynolds number, non-Darcy flow can be assumed to represent the flow in the medium.     

利用甘蔗渣制备微生物絮凝剂的预处理方法研究

通过对甘蔗渣进行不同的预处理,确定了提高纤维素酶糖化率和酱油曲霉发酵液絮凝率的方法.利用正交实验对固液比、颗粒粒径、溶剂浓度和预处理时间及其交互作用进行考察,确定较优的工艺方案.结果表明,在相同条件下,碱处理能够有效提高纤维素酶的糖化率,处理后甘蔗渣的酶解液中还原性糖浓度和酱油曲霉发酵液的絮凝率分别为3.46 g/L和...     

Heavy metal pollution in vegetables grown in the vicinity of a multi-metal mining area in Gejiu,China: total concentrations,speciation analysis,and health risk

A field survey was conducted to investigate the present situation and health risk of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in soils and vegetables in a multi-metal mining area, Gejiu, China. Furthermore, three vegetables (water spinach, potato, and summer squash) containing high metal concentrations were selected to further analyze metal speciation. The results showed that the average concentrations of five metals in soil exceeded the limiting values, and their bioavailable concentrations were significantly positively correlated to the total ones. Heavy metals in the edible parts of vegetables also exceeded the corresponding standards. The leaves of pakchoi, peppermint, and coriander had a strong metal-accumulative ability and they were not suitable for planting. Except the residue forms, the main forms of metals in the edible parts of three selected vegetables were ethanol-, NaCl-, and HAc-extractable fractions for As, Pb, and Cd, respectively; however, Cu was mainly presented as NaCl-extractable and Zn as HAc-extractable fractions. A high proportion of ethanol-extractable As showed that As bioactivity and toxic effects were the highest. Although the total and bioavailable Cd were high in soil, its speciation in vegetables was mainly presented as HAc-extractable fraction, which has a relatively low bioactivity. Lead and arsenic were imposing a serious threat on the local residents via vegetable consumption.