施用不同尿素对稻季不同层次土壤溶液中氮形态的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,利用大型原状土柱比较研究了不同尿素品种、施肥量(0、普通尿素150、300和包膜尿素100、150 kg·hm-2,以N计算)处理对稻季不同层次(30、65、80 cm)土壤氮素动态变化的影响.结果表明:所有处理渗漏水中NO3--N质量浓度均低于饮用水标准,常规施肥未显著增加氮的淋溶损失;各处理在不同层次土壤均发生反硝化作用;包膜尿素促进土壤反硝化强度,在65 cm和80 cm处尤为明显.施用包膜尿素可能增强浅层地下水的反硝化作用而降低水体NO3--N质量浓度.其影响机理及在对其它类型土壤上氮素淋失和反硝化的影响,值得进一步研究.     

Combustion and inorganic bromine emission of waste printed circuit boards in a high temperature furnace

High temperature combustion experiments of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were conducted using a lab-scale system featuring a continuously-fed drop tube furnace. Combustion efficiency and the occurrence of inorganic bromine (HBr and Br₂) were systematically studied by monitoring the main combustion products continuously. The influence of furnace temperature (T) was studied from 800 to 1400 °C, the excess air factor (EAF) was varied from 1.2 to 1.9 and the residence time in the high temperature zone (RT_HT) was set at 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 s.Combustion efficiency depends on temperature, EAF and RT_HT; temperature has the most significant effect. Conversion of organic bromine from flame retardants into HBr and Br₂ depends on temperature and EAF. Temperature has crucial influence over the ratio of HBr to Br₂, whereas oxygen partial pressure plays a minor role. The two forms of inorganic bromine seem substantially to reach thermodynamic equilibrium within 0.25 s. High temperature is required to improve the combustion performance: at 1200 °C or higher, an EAF of 1.3 or more, and a RT_HT exceeding 0.75 s, combustion is quite complete, the CO concentration in flue gas and remained carbon in ash are sufficiently low, and organobrominated compounds are successfully decomposed (more than 99.9%).According to these results, incineration of waste PCBs without preliminary separation and without additives would perform very well under certain conditions; the potential precursors for brominated dioxins formation could be destroyed efficiently. Increasing temperature could decrease the volume percentage ratio of Br₂/HBr in flue gas greatly.     

有机碳源和溶解氧对亚硝酸盐生物硝化的影响研究

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中纯化分离到高活性硝化菌株N-20（Nitrobacter sp．）,在一种新型材料Carbon Foam的表面挂膜;通过对菌株N-20进行摇瓶试验,选择添加有机碳源的种类,将其在pH7．5～8．0、温度28℃的条件下,分别以NaNO2和K2HPO4为氮源和磷源,通过生物滤塔中的液相连续试验,考察在不同DO的条件下有机碳源对硝化作用的影响规律。结果表明,以葡萄糖作为有机碳源,DO≥2mg／L,葡萄糖低于20mg／L时,生物滤塔内可进行正常硝化,NO2^--N的硝化去除率维持在90％左右,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,硝化去除率下降到70％;DO≤2mg／L,葡萄糖对硝化作用的抑制增强,当葡萄糖为200mg／L时,生物滤塔中NO^2-—N的硝化去除率仅为32％。     

氯化三丁基锡(TBTCL)对小鼠外周血T-淋巴细胞与脾指数的影响

从免疫毒理学角度研究氯化三丁基锡（TBTCL）对小鼠免疫系统影响。进行了0.01～0.20μg/kgTBTCL腹腔注射对小鼠外周血T-淋巴细胞与脾指数影响的实验,采用外周血液淋巴细胞酸性α-醋酸奈酯酶（ANAE）检测法,并观察小鼠体重和脾重变化情况。结果表明,0.01～0.10μg/kgTBTCL增加T-淋巴细胞数、体重和脾重;脾指数也有一定程度的提高。在0.13～0.20μg/kgTBTCL作用5d,各指标则呈现不同程度的下降趋势,说明不同剂量TBTCL对免疫系统有促进或抑制作用。实验对临床免疫病症提供了创造新的诊断方法的可能性,但是TBTCL对免疫增加或抑制作用的分子机理有待于深入研究。     

长三角地区二次电池生产场地土壤重金属污染评价

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤重金属Cd,Cu,Ni,Mn,Co的含量,并选用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其进行环境质量评价。结果表明,Cd是各场地中产生污染最为严重的一种金属,几乎各个车间都存在不同程度的Cd污染,外围农田土壤严重的Cd含量超标也说明了这个问题。     

中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势

对相关研究结果的系统统计表明，Zn是我国城市污泥中平均含量最高的重金属元素，其次是Cu，再次是Cr，而毒性较大的元素Hg、Cd、As含量往往较低，通常在几个到十几个mg/kg范围内；70％统计样本的As含量在20ms／kg以内，而Cd、Cr、Ca、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn含量则分别在2．8、250、417、5、75、130、1701ms／kg以内．我国城市污泥中的重金属含量普遍低于英美等发达国家，而且其中的重金属含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势．按照1984年颁布的《农用污泥污染物控制标准》(GB4284-84)，Zn是我国城市污泥中超标问题最突出的重金属，其超标率为55％；但按照2002年新修订的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(报批稿)》，Zn的超标率仅为9％．一方面，我国的土壤和儿童普遍缺Zn，另一方面，我国现行的农用污泥污染物控制标准对城市污泥中的Zn控制过于严格，而且也不尽合理，急需对其进一步完善，以合理解决城市污泥的处理处置途径，推动城市污泥的资源化和无害化利用．     

Environmental biogeochemical behaviors of rare earth elements in soil–plant systems

With the continual increase in the utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) for industrial and agricultural purposes in China, the research into the environmental biogeochemical behavior of REEs has become a pressing issue. The REEs’ content in soil and various parts of wheat under different conditions in soil–plant systems were measured by INAA and ICP-MS. The results showed four aspects. (1) The mean value of total REEs in soil of China was 176.8 mg kg⁻¹. The mean ratio of ΣLREE/ΣHREE in soils was 8.0 and cerium accounts for 42% of the total REEs. The content of REEs in wheat seed ranged between 10⁻¹¹ and 10⁻⁸ g g⁻¹, 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than that in soil. (2) The REEs contents in ryegrass, especially in roots, were significantly related to that of soil. The bioavailability of REEs in soil mainly depended on the exchangeable fraction of REEs, which was strongly affected by the physico–chemical properties of the soil. (3) Long-term foliage-dressing with Changle microfertilizer of REEs did not affect the contents and distribution patterns of REEs in soil. At the maturing stage of spring wheat, the REEs content was in the order of root > leaf >stem and crust. Compared with the control, foliage-dressing has a higher accumulation of REEs in root and leaf. However, no significant difference was found in stem and crust between the two treatments. (4) There was no significant accumulation with the soil-dressing method. When comparing controls in both foliage- and soil-dressing methods, no distinct residue of REEs in grains was found.     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

土壤中酞酸酯的分析方法研究

经过系统研究,建立了以正已烷/丙酮(V/V:2/1)为溶剂,对土壤进行超声萃取,然后以浓H_2SO_4进行纯化的分析土壤中酞酸酯的方法。本方法具有省时、省溶剂、空白低及纯化效果好的特点,具有很强的实用性。     

堆肥氧气实时、在线自动监测系统的开发

氧气监测是目前国内外堆肥过程研究的难点之一。经过研究 ,率先开发出堆肥氧气实时、在线自动化监测系统。该系统由气体采集、氧气传感器 变送器、输送线路、采集储存 4部分组成。系统可靠性检验结果证明 :测量结果精确、稳定 ,反应灵敏 ,重复性好