试论环境监测信息系统及其应用

本文论述了环境监测信息系统的组成，功能及在城市环境质量评价中的应用，对环境质量评价的方法及实际应用作了初步讨论及分析。     

Sperm limitation and the evolution of extreme polyandry in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)

Honeybee queens (Apis mellifera) show extreme levels of polyandry, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying this behaviour are still unclear. The sperm-limitation hypothesis, which assumes that high levels of polyandry are essential to get a lifetime sperm supply for large and long-lived colonies, has been widely disregarded for honeybees because the semen of a single male is, in principle, sufficient to fill the spermatheca of a queen. However, the inefficient post-mating sperm transfer from the queens lateral oviducts into the spermatheca requires multiple matings to ensure an adequate spermatheca filling. Males of the African honeybee subspecies A. m. capensis have fewer sperm than males of the European subspecies A. m. carnica. Thus, given that sperm limitation is a cause for the evolution of multiple mating in A. mellifera, we would expect A. m. capensis queens to have higher mating frequencies than A. m. carnica. Here we show that A. m. capensis queens indeed exhibit significantly higher mating frequencies than queens of A. m. carnica, both in their native ranges and in an experiment on a North Sea island under the same environmental conditions. We conclude that honeybee queens try to achieve a minimum number of matings on their mating flights to ensure a sufficient lifetime sperm supply. It thus seems premature to reject the sperm-limitation hypothesis as a concept explaining the evolution of extreme polyandry in honeybees.Communicated by R.E. Page     

阜新市生态地质环境质量模糊综合评价

生态地质环境质量评价,实为生态地质环境的适宜性评价。本文以地貌类型、森林覆盖率、人口密度等16个指标为主要影响因子,确定了生态地质环境质量评价指标的单因素评价模型和评价指标体系。采用模糊数学方法,对阜新市生态地质环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明阜新地区生态地质环境质量总体良好。经验证,定量评价与定性评价结果较吻合,证明该套基于模糊综合评判技术的生态地质环境质量的定量评价是切实可行的．结论是可信的。     

Multi-scale scenarios of spatial-temporal dynamics in the European livestock sector

The European livestock sector has changed rapidly in the recent past and further changes are expected in the near future due to reforms in the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), increasing environmental concerns and changing consumer awareness. We developed a multi-scale modeling approach for exploring spatial and temporal dynamics of livestock distribution by accounting for drivers at different spatial scales. Such approach can provide a basis for environmental impact assessments of livestock farming at broad spatial scales. Assessment of change in both quantity and location was made for six livestock types. Four contrasting scenarios were applied ranging from globalization to regionalization, as well as from low regulation levels and dominance of market forces towards a higher degree of governmental regulation. National level livestock numbers as calculated by a macro-economic model were spatially distributed at the landscape scale according to the scenario assumptions considering biophysical, socio-economic, and political forces. Results indicate for most of the old European Union (EU) member countries a decrease in livestock numbers. In the new EU member countries sheep, goats and pigs are expected to decline while beef cattle and poultry are expected to grow. Livestock densities are expected to increase both within and outside current livestock hotspot regions in absence of environmental legislations. Environmental pressure as result of high livestock densities may, however, also remain in regulated scenarios where environmental policies are implemented and income support remains stable over time due to path dependencies in the livestock sector. But contrary to the non-regulated scenario it is less likely that new areas with high risk of negative environmental impacts due to livestock farming will develop.     

深耘断根对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响

在旱地大田条件下研究了深耘断根对旱地高产小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响。结果表明，４个处理中以冬前深耘断根最好，起身期深耘断根与对照（不断根）次之，冬前和起身期都深耘断根的效果最差。冬前深耘断根可延迟花后根系活力、根系ＳＯＤ与ＣＡＴ活性、根系可溶性蛋白质含量下降及根系ＭＤＡ含量的升高，从而延迟根系衰老。同时，冬前深耕提高了成穗数及成穗率，使产量提高，因而在旱地高产麦田应提倡冬前深耘断根。图５表１参１     

2013年西安市大气污染物变化特征及成因分析研究

大气污染日益严重.对2013年西安市13个国控环境空气质量自动监测站的6种污染物项目进行分析,西安市首要大气污染物为细颗粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM1o）.二氧化硫、氮氧化物、细颗粒物和可吸入颗粒物污染物呈现出春冬高,夏秋低的趋势,为上抛物线型,相关系数为99％,且表现出污染源高度同源性;而臭氧污染趋势为夏秋高,冬春低,与气温的线性相关系数为96％.燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑扬尘是西安市大气污染三大污染源,大气污染防治必须多主要污染源共抓,不断减少污染物排放.     

A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO MANAGE SUMMER STREAM TEMPERATURES1

ABSTRACT: Warm summer stream temperatures due to low flows and high air temperatures are a critical water quality problem in many western United States river basins because they impact threatened fish species’habitat. One way to alleviate this problem is for local and federal organizations to purchase water rights to be used to increase flows, hence decrease temperatures. Presented is a Decision Support System (DSS) that can be used in an operations mode to effectively use water acquired to mitigate warm stream temperatures. The DSS uses a statistical model for predicting daily stream temperatures and a rule‐based module to compute reservoir releases. Water releases are calculated to meet fish habitat temperature targets based on the predicted stream temperature and a user specified confidence of the temperature predictions. Strategies that enable effective use of a limited amount of water throughout the season have also been incorporated in the DSS. The utility of the DSS is demonstrated by an example application to the Truckee River near Reno, Nevada, using hypothetical operating policy and 1988 through 1994 inflows. Results indicate that the DSS could substantially reduce the number of target temperature violations (i.e., stream temperatures exceeding the target temperature levels detrimental to fish habitat).     

电动汽车随机充电对城市负荷曲线的影响

由于电动汽车充电行为具有随机性,当一定规模的电动汽车同时充电可能会对电网造成影响。结合广州市电动汽车发展现状和规划以及电动汽车的充电规律,采用高斯混合模型对电动汽车的起始荷电状态以及起始充电时间进行拟合,得到其概率密度函数;然后根据广州市电动汽车的保有量,采用蒙特卡洛模拟法得到各类电动汽车的充电负荷;最后分析在不同渗透率下电动汽车随机充电对电网负荷曲线的影响。分析结果表明:未来充电负荷主要受到私家车充电负荷的影响,随着电动私家车渗透率的提高,私家车充电负荷可能导致电网在晚上出现新的高峰负荷。