砷污染治理后阳宗海沉积物砷的分布与稳定性

阳宗海砷污染治理后,大量的砷随絮凝剂沉积到沉积物中。通过测定阳宗海沉积物及其上覆水中的总砷,用Tessier连续提取法分析了不同深度沉积物中砷的形态和稳定性,并用潜在生态风险指数法、地累积指数法评价了沉积物中砷的污染状况,旨在评估用絮凝剂治理湖泊砷污染是否存在二次污染的风险。研究表明,表层沉积物砷含量在湖底的水平分布不均匀,且随沉积物深度的增加而略有降低。沉积物中砷含量随着时间的推移而增加。地累积污染级别大部分为0级,潜在生态危害为Ⅰ级,沉积物砷污染程度相对较低,潜在生态危害风险小。各层沉积物中稳定性高的残渣态砷含量(14.12~18.38 mg/kg)及比例(93.47%~97.30%)均较高,因此,目前沉积物中砷稳定,不易溶出形成二次污染。     

The storage mechanism difference between amorphous and anatase as supercapacitors

Although TiO2 nanotubes is a promising electrode as supercapacitors due to its high energy density, easy synthesis and chemical stability, there are draw backs such as low conductivity and capacitance. Many studies concentrated on improving its electrochemical performance itself but little attention was payed to the reason of capacitance differences caused by its different crystal structures. Herein, we prepare amorphous and anatase TiO2 nanotubes and hydrogenated them by a simple electrochemical hydrogenation method to improve their conductivity and capacitance. And then study and compare their morphology and structure differences by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. The results show that the pore size distribution, internal structure order and internal carrier concentration are the main reasons for their electrochemical performance differences. The microporous structure less than 2 nm in amorphous nanotubes act as a trap of electrolyte ions at current density larger than 0.1μA cm-2, leading to small charge and discharge capacitance. The long-range ordered crystal structure of anatase is more favorable for the orderly diffusion of carriers, reducing the inelastic scattering of carrier diffusion process and the electron hole-complexing probability, making anatase nanotubes exhibit higher coulomb efficiency and cycle stability than that of amorphous ones.     

羧基化多壁碳纳米管对雌性小鼠卵泡发育的影响

碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes, CNTs)作为一种新形式的结晶碳,在工业及医药领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。本研究采用水溶性较好的羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)为研究对象,探索功能化多壁碳纳米管对小鼠卵巢发育的影响。将羧基化多壁碳纳米管溶解在含0.5% Tween-20的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,对实验小鼠按照2.5, 5, 10 mg·kg-1进行持续64 d的灌胃处理。处理结束后通过透射电子显微镜和HE染色观察卵巢组织的形态学变化。结果显示,碳纳米管确实进入了小鼠卵巢中。同时,随着MWCNTs-COOH暴露的增加,雌性小鼠卵泡数量显著减少,而雌性小鼠卵泡的形态结构并无明显影响。     

Analysis of a broad range of perfluoroalkyl acids in accipiter feathers: method optimization and their occurrence in Nam Co Basin,Tibetan Plateau

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in the environment. They are prone to accumulate in organisms and have raised public attention in recent decades. Feather samples have been successfully applied as nondestructive indicators for several contaminants. However, a sophisticated analytical method for determining PFAAs in feathers is still lacking. In the present study, a series of conditions, such as the use of the solid-phase extraction cartridge type and extraction/digestion methods, were optimized for the analysis of 13 PFAAs in feathers. According to the spiked recoveries, a weak-anion exchange cartridge was chosen and the methanol was selected as the extraction solvent. In the present study, an optimized pretreatment procedure combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) method was established for the determination of PFAAs in feathers. The recoveries and method detection limits of the PFAAs ranged from 71 to 120% and 0.16 to 0.54 ng/g, respectively. Finally, 13 PFAAs in four accipiter feather samples from Nam Co Basin, Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed, indicating that PFOS was the predominant PFAA in accipiter feathers, with an average of 4.67 ng/g, followed by the short-chain PFAAs, PFBS and PFBA, with averages of 1.91 and 1.39 ng/g, respectively. These results partly indicated the current situation of PFAA pollution in the Nam Co Basin, especially the existence of short-chain PFAAs in this region.     

改性镁铝水滑石对黑臭水体中磷的去除效果研究

通过采样和调研江苏省盐城市、扬州市不同程度治理的黑臭水体,分析其水质及磷赋存特征,选用对磷酸盐高效吸附的镁铝水滑石,开展了改性水滑石对黑臭水体中磷的吸附行为研究.结果表明：①调研的黑臭水体中44%水样磷浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准限值,易发生水华等次生灾害,控磷减磷措施十分必要;②在黑臭水体pH值范围内,pH值对改性水滑石吸附磷的影响较小,改性水滑石的磷吸附量随初始溶液中磷的浓度升高而增大,其吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学方程;③在黑臭水体采集水样中,改性水滑石依然表现出较好的磷吸附能力,磷酸盐去除率达到了94.4%,可以有效削减黑臭水体中磷污染程度.     

淡水环境中抗生素抗性基因的来源、归趋和风险

近年来淡水体中抗生素耐药菌及抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的广泛分布和快速传播已成为全球性的环境健康热点问题,国内外学者围绕淡水环境中ARGs的主要来源、多介质分布、转移机制及ARGs与微生物群落的互作机制开展了一系列研究.本文综述了医疗废水、污水处理厂尾水和养殖废水作为淡水环境中ARGs主要来源的关键作用,分析了国内外淡水环境中ARGs多介质分布和归趋特征,阐明了淡水环境中ARGs传播扩散途径和归趋影响因子,归纳了ARGs风险形成机制与评价方法,提出了未来关于淡水环境中ARGs的研究热点和趋势,以期为ARGs环境与健康风险管控提供参考.目前关于ARGs产生过程与归趋特性的认识仍相对局限,ARGs在水生食物链中动态归趋特征、传播扩散过程和暴露风险形成机制的相关研究亟待加强,淡水环境ARGs生态健康风险的系统评估方法也需尽快建立.     

基于文本挖掘和复杂网络的事故致因重要度评估方法——以房屋市政较大以上事故为例

为充分挖掘事故调查报告中的有效信息,明确安全管理工作的内容.首先,利用文本挖掘分析事故调查报告,采用最小词频阈值文档频改进信息增益评估函数对分词结果降噪,通过回溯特征项在报告中的具体表述,提取事故致因,再构建同义词词库.然后,引入复杂网络以改进TF-IDF,综合事故致因因素的关联特征评估其重要度.最后,以房屋市政较大及...     

基于故障树分析法的舰载武器装备电子元器件及PCB的失效研究

目的 对极端海洋环境下某型舰声呐装置中的多功能信号发生器进行失效研究。方法 使用故障树分析法作为失效分析基本方法。首先通过微焦点CT检测技术对样品进行准确的失效定位,并通过扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析样品的失效机理。然后结合应用背景,分析归纳样品失效的机理因子和影响因素。最后,针对每种失效形式提出具体的改善方案。结果 由电阻本身表面形貌、额定温度及外部环境（高温、高湿、高盐）等原因,导致含有盐雾的水汽进入电阻内部,致使电阻内部出现电化学迁移现象,电阻阻值因此明显降低,最终导致多功能信号发生器出现失效。结论 舰艇中的电子设备,如多功能信号发生器的失效往往是由设计制造及各种海洋环境因素综合作用所造成的。这就要求舰载电子设备的研制方、使用方都应重视海洋环境适应性问题,并采取一定的改善措施。     

Impact of urban innovation on urban green development in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt: perspectives of scale and network

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Understanding whether and how urban innovation offers a sound solution to the dilemma of urban green development is a crucial response to mitigate the...     

大容量电炉变压器保护差动方案比较

针对电炉变压器特殊结构难以实现常规差动保护的问题,采用新型电子式互感器,实现了电炉变压器低压侧电流的采集;并通过分析计算,设计了电炉变压器差动保护配置方案。结果表明:电炉变压器三侧纵差与高压侧分差构成逻辑“或”门输出,是电炉变压器差动配置的最佳方案。