松花江(黑龙江省段)流域水环境承载力指标体系构建研究

针对流域水环境承载力指标体系亟待解决的问题,介绍了流域水环境承载力指标体系构建进展与存在的问题,提出了流域水环境承载力指标体系构建的改进措施,对松花江流域水环境承载力指标体系构建,提出了改进指标体系的构建原则、构建程序,分析影响因素,提出流域水环境承载力内涵,从水资源量、水资源消耗量、水资源质量影响三方面出发选取了指标,构建了松花江流域水环境承载力的三层递阶层次结构的指标体系,为评价与预测该流域水环境承载力奠定理论基础。     

渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术调查与分析研究

根据渭河流域关中段的污染状况及《(渭河流域水污染防治三年行动方案(2012-2014年)》对科技攻关的实际需求,采用资料搜集、实地调查、问卷发放、数理统计等方式对渭河流域关中段55座城镇污水处理厂的污泥处理情况进行了调查与分析。根据调查分析结果,提出了渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术在应用过程中存在的一些问题,并结合该流域实际情况提出了相应建议,期望能够对该流域污泥处理技术的良性发展提供"第一手"的参考资料。     

星云湖湖滨带生态恢复措施探讨

阐述了星云湖湖滨带生态恢复的意义,分析了星云湖湖滨带主要环境问题,探讨了星云湖湖滨带生态恢复的措施。     

DOC/CCRT老化对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响

基于重型底盘测功机,研究新鲜及老化氧化型催化器(DOC)、氧化型催化器耦合催化型颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF,CCRT)对在用国Ⅲ柴油公交车进行中国典型城市公交车循环CCBC时一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(THC)、一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)、二氧化碳(CO_2)等气态物排放特性的影响.结果表明:采用新鲜及老化DOC/CCRT,均可以降低CO、THC、NO排放,增加NO_2排放,NO_x及CO_2排放基本不变;在怠速、加速、减速及匀速这4种工况下,新鲜DOC比老化DOC对CO、THC氧化效率好,新鲜CCRT比老化CCRT对THC氧化效率好,但老化CCRT对CO氧化效率更好,新鲜DOC/CCRT比老化DOC/CCRT对NO减少幅度高,对NO_2增加幅度高,但对NO_x排放总量基本无影响.     

3种生物滞留设计对城市地表径流溶解性氮的去除作用

城市地表径流溶解性氮(N)的有效控制具有挑战性.2015构建了3种不同设计的生物滞留设施:壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草(CB)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带(MB1)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带并添加10%木块(MB2).在模拟城市地表径流水文、水质变化条件下,研究3种生物滞留种植植物、设置饱和带以及添加碳源对城市地表径流溶解性N(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)的去除作用.通过为期1年试验监测表明,在进水NH_4~+-N浓度平均值为(5.45±2.21)mg·L-1情况下,3种生物滞留对NH_4~+-N均具有显著的去除作用(去除率95%).基质吸附、硝化与植物吸收是生物滞留有效去除城市地表径流NH_4~+-N的主要途径.在进水NO_3~--N平均值为(5.88±2.32)mg·L-1情况下,CB、MB1和MB2出水NO_3~--N浓度的平均值分别为(4.04±2.64)、(0.84±1.18)和(0.26±0.48)mg·L-1,相应去除率分别为31.3%、85.7%和95.6%.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带以及添加碳源均可显著降低出水NO_3~--N浓度,减少NO_3~--N淋溶输出,提高NO_3~--N去除率.植物吸收和微生物反硝化是生物滞留去除NO_3~--N的主要途径.进水NO_3~--N浓度、水量、间隔天数是影响生物滞留出水NO_3~--N浓度的主要因素.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带并添加碳源,在水文、水质变化情况下,仍可有效去除城市地表径流溶解性N.     

基于多年遥感数据分析长江河口海岸带湿地变化及其驱动因子

研究河口海岸带湿地长时间演变对湿地保护管理和海岸带资源评估具有重要意义.本文获取长江口1979—2015年10景Landsat-MSS/TM/OLI影像和2015年13景GF1-PMS高空间分辨率数据,对比两个典型实验区分类算法,选用最优的决策树算法应用到长江口Landsat影像中,得到沿岸湿地要素近40年的面积变化情况.研究表明,2015年长江河口海岸带湿地总面积为4725 km2,自然湿地占63.5%,人工湿地占21.2%,湿地总面积相比1979年增加了662 km2,自然湿地面积减少了163 km2,而人工湿地面积增加了766 km2.长江口自然湿地面积在1979—2000年减少幅度较大,2000年后由于保护管理加强而减少幅度变小;人工湿地和建筑面积增加较为明显,主要是由于大型水库的修建和人工鱼塘开发及港口建设.湿地总的变化趋势为河口区不断淤积,自然湿地转变为人工湿地,人工湿地转变为建筑用地等非湿地;其中,滩涂面积减少283 km2,水库、养殖鱼塘和水稻田面积分别增加了92、355和319 km2,主要发生在崇明东滩和启东沿岸;非湿地中建筑用地面积增加154 km2,灌木草场面积减少147 km2,主要发生在上海和启东沿岸.同时比较分析长江口3个区域湿地驱动因子发现,北岸启东沿岸和南岸南汇东滩湿地因经济快速发展和港口水利工程修建,以及过度开垦滩涂等自然湿地使人工湿地增加明显;而长江上游径流量、区域降水和海平面上涨等自然因素控制着中支河道区(如崇明东滩)自然湿地的变化.     

利用煮茧废水培养钝顶螺旋藻的初步研究

本文对缫丝厂煮茧废水和Ｚａｒｒｒｏｕｋ培养基的主要营养成份进行了分析比较，筛选出了适合钝顶螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）在煮茧废水中生长繁殖的培养基和与之相适应的驯化藻种。经室外１５０升煮茧废水扩大培养，干藻生物量可达１６．０３克／米￣２·天，粗蛋白含量达５８．６％，含有１７种氨基酸。比用Ｚａｒｒｏｕｋ培养基培养的螺旋藻产量提高１５．７８％，成本减少８０％以上。培养后的煮茧废水ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ＿５浓度低于我国污水综合排放标准。研究结果表明：采用本实验室筛选的煮茧废水培养基和驯化藻种，在煮茧废水中大量培养螺旋藻，实现废水资源化是可行的，具有明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

Habitat classification: A comparison using avian species and guilds

Results of breeding bird censuses in 1979 and 1980 were used to compare the relationships of both species and guilds to forest habitats in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Several age classes of 11 forest cover types were studied: northern hard-woods (Fagus-Betula-Acer), spruce (Picea), spruce-fir (Picea-Abies), birth (Betula), swamp hardwoods (Acer-Pinus-Tsuga), pine (Pinus strobus andP. resinosa), balsam fir (Abies), aspen (Populus tremuloides andP. grandidentata), northern red oak (Quercus), oak-pine (Quercus-Pinus), and hemlock (Tsuga). All types were even-aged; only northern hardwoods had an additional uneven-aged condition. Forest cover types were also pooled to consider generalized habitats: hardwoods, mixed forest, or softwoods. Results of ordinations based on censuses of 74 bird species indicate that foraging guilds are more related to general cover types than are nesting substrate guilds, but bird species reflect habitat differences to a greater degree than do either guild scheme. Also, considerable overlap occurs in bird species distribution between hardwoods and mixed forests; softwoods show little overlap with other types. Discriminant function and classification analyses revealed that bird species composition can be used to correctly classify general forest habitats more accurately (83.8%) than either foraging (63.2%) or nesting substrate guilds (58.4%). These results indicate that, of the habitats studied, avian species compositions are more characteristic than are foraging or nesting substrate guild composition, which tend to be similar across forest habitats.     

Flood area and damage estimation in Zhejiang,China

A GIS-based method to estimate flood area and damage is presented in this paper, which is oriented to developing countries like China, where labor is readily available for GIS data collecting, and tools such as, HEC-GeoRAS might not be readily available. At present local authorities in developing countries are often not predisposed to pay for commercial GIS platforms. To calculate flood area, two cases, non-source flood and source flood, are distinguished and a seed-spread algorithm suitable for source-flooding is described. The flood damage estimation is calculated in raster format by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and relating this to other socioeconomic data. Several measures used to improve the geometric accuracy and computing efficiency are presented. The management issues related to the application of this method, including the cost-effectiveness of approximate method in practice and supplementing two technical lines (self-programming and adopting commercial GIS software) to each other, are also discussed. The applications show that this approach has practical significance to flood fighting and control in developing countries like China.     

河冰对桥墩作用的冰荷载计算方法(Ⅰ)——河冰的力学性能试验

通过对松花江河冰的物理力学性能试验和松花江公路大桥桥墩的流冰动压力测量、桥面的脉动测量 ,依据国内外对冰 -结构相互作用的分析 ,提出了适合我国黑龙江冰情特点的春季流冰冰荷载的计算方法。