纳米铁氧化物吸附处理重金属废水的研究进展

概述了用于吸附重金属的主要纳米铁氧化物的种类及其吸附效果,介绍了常见的纳米铁氧化物制备方法及改性方法,讨论了影响纳米铁氧化物吸附重金属的主要因素,并对纳米铁氧化物在水环境保护领域中的研究方向提出了展望:如发展绿色、高效的纳米铁氧化物制备工艺,探讨纳米铁氧化物结构调控和表面功能化对其吸附性能的影响等。     

Seasonal effect on N2O formation in nitrification in constructed wetlands

Constructed wetlands are considered to be important sources of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). In order to investigate the contribution of nitrification in N(2)O formation, some environmental factors, plant species and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in active layers have been compared. Vegetation cells indicated remarkable effect of seasons and different plant species on N(2)O emission and AOB amount. Nitrous oxide data showed large temporal and spatial fluctuations ranging 0-52.8 mg N(2)O m(-2)d(-1). Higher AOB amount and N(2)O flux rate were observed in the Zizania latifolia cell, reflecting high potential of global warming. Roles of plants as ecosystem engineers are summarized with rhizosphere oxygen release and organic matter transportation to affect nitrogen transformation. The Phragmites australis cell contributed to keeping high T-N removal performance and lower N(2)O emission. The distribution of AOB also supported this result. Statistical analysis showed several environmental parameters affecting the strength of observed greenhouse gases emission, such as water temperature, water level, TOC, plant species and plant cover.     

桑蚕氟污染事故的监测

针对桑蚕污染事故的特点和监测中存在的问题,阐述了现场调查,布点采样,分析测试及结果评价等环节的技术要点和注意事项,并就与之密切相关的几个问题展开了讨论,为桑蚕污染事故的监测节一定的参考依据。     

Fluctuating asymmetry rather than oxidative stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo raddei</Emphasis> can be an accurate indicator of environmental pollution induced by heavy metals

Oxidative stress (OS) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as risk markers for environmental stress are widely used to predict changes in the health and fitness of many animals exposed to pollutants. However, from the perspective of protecting declining amphibians, it remains to be verified which one would be a reliable indicator for amphibians exposed to long-term heavy metal pollution under natural conditions. In this study, the OS and FA of Bufo raddei exposed to natural heavy metal pollution were analyzed to determine which marker is more accurate for indicating heavy metal-induced stress. Three years of data were collected during the breeding season of B. raddei from Baiyin (BY), which has been mainly contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd compounds for a long period, and from Liujiaxia (LJX), which is a relatively unpolluted area. Unexpectedly, although significant accumulation of the four heavy metals was found in the kidney and liver of B. raddei from BY, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in these two organs were found to be irregular, with low repeatability in both BY and LJX. However, significant differences in the levels of FA were observed in B. raddei populations from these two areas over the past 3 years (P < 0.01). The degrees of FA in B. raddei populations from BY and LJX were assessed as degree 4 and 1, respectively. In short, this study suggested that FA was a more reliable and effective indicator than OS to monitor and predict long-term environmental stress on anuran amphibians.     

西方发达国家转移环境灾害的途径、原因及对策

发达国家的环境问题尤其是灾害问题的改善,在很大程度上是以将国内的致灾因素向发展中国家转移为条件的。发达国家主要通过资源掠夺资源引进、国际投资与国际贸易等途径向发展中国家转嫁各种灾害;世界经济秩序的不平等性、国际贸易与投资理论的不合理性、现行国际法规及规则的不完善性是发达国家转嫁灾害的主要成因;控制灾害的转嫁必须坚持历史责任原则和可持续发展原则两个基本原则,并采取相应对策。     

Eutrophication conditions and ecological status in typical bays of Lake Taihu in China

Sampling was conducted at three site groups, group E (in East Taihu Bay), G (in Gonghu Bay) and M (in Meiliang Bay) in Lake Taihu. TN and TP concentrations among site groups was in the increasing order of E < G < M. TP level at G sites is at the critical threshold for loss of submersed macrophytes. Mean values of DO and Transparence showed different trend, i.e., E > G > M. The mean phytoplankton fresh-weight biomass at M sites was 5.81 mg/l, higher than that at E sites (4.96 mg/l) and G sites (5.18 mg/l). Mean zooplankton fresh-weight biomass was in the decreasing order of M (6.4 mg/l) > G (4.9 mg/l) > E (2.7 mg/l). However, Rotifera density was in the sequence of E > G > M. Both zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton biomass increased with the rise of TN and TP concentrations. Relationships between zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton biomass showed that zooplankton played a limited role in the control of algae in eutrophic lakes. Nutrient availability is much more important than zooplankton grazing pressure in controlling phytoplankton growth in lakes. For most sites in Lake Taihu, reduction of nutrient loading, as well as macrophyte conservation, zappears to be especially important in maintaining high water quality and regulating lake biological structure, but for M sites, it’s urgent to control nutrient inputs rather than to restore macrophyte community.     

千乡万村环境保护科普行动的实践和探索

开展"千乡万村环保科普行动"对提高农民的环保意识,控制农村面源污染,改善农村生态环境,改变农民的生活方式将起到积极的促进作用。概述了这项活动在云南的开展情况,分析了整个活动的成功和不足之处,探讨了确保这项活动全面实施的具体思路、方法和措施。     

废水中磷的监测和处理

本文介绍了钼锑抗光度法测定污水中总磷在实际应用中应该注意的问题，并介绍了不同类型污水处理设施的除磷效率。则结果证明，常规二级污水处理工艺对总磷的去除率只能达到４０－５０％左右，迄今，化学混凝与生物过程一体化的处理系统可能是除灰最经济有效的办法。     

遮光法控藻的中试研究

进行了遮光法控制富营养化水池中藻类的中试研究.结果显示,9d试验后,叶绿素a浓度、COD、浊度、DO分别由遮光前的130.5p,g·L-1、30.9mg.L-1、20.0NTU、12.0mg·L-1下降至处理后的24.8ttg·L-1、1.7mg·L-1、5.4NTU、3.1mg·L-1,TP、TN浓度则变化不明显.表明遮光处理能够在营养盐浓度变化不大的状况下大幅度削减藻类生物量;遮光ld后,105cm处的叶绿素a浓度、COD、浊度都较水面表层浓度高,显示遮光之后藻类出现了沉降的现象;遮光2d后.水深30cm以下的净生产量都为负值,显示遮光显著抑制了藻类的光合产氧速率,并促使藻类消亡.     

酚类物质对厌氧生物降解性的影响研究

通过厌氧间歇试验,研究了4种酚类物质在不同浓度下的累积产气量,并将其归纳为两类8种不同降解性影响的典型曲线.试验表明,4种酚类物质中,苯酚和邻甲酚可被厌氧微生物降解,而对甲酚和五氯酚不能被厌氧微生物降解.