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81.
Stähli M Badoux A Ludwig A Steiner K Zappa M Hegg C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,174(1-4):91-106
Long-term data on precipitation and runoff are essential to draw firm conclusions about the behavior and trends of hydrological catchments that may be influenced by land use and climate change. Here the longest continuous runoff records from small catchments (<1 km(2)) in Switzerland (and possibly worldwide) are reported. The history of the hydrological monitoring in the Sperbel- and Rappengraben (Emmental) is summarized, and inherent uncertainties in the data arising from the operation of the gauges are described. The runoff stations operated safely for more than 90% of the summer months when most of the major flood events occurred. Nevertheless, the absolute values of peak runoff during the largest flood events are subject to considerable uncertainty. The observed differences in average, base, and peak runoff can only partly be attributed to the substantial differences in forest coverage. This treasure trove of data can be used in various ways, exemplified here with an analysis of the generalized extreme value distributions of the two catchments. These distributions, and hence flood return periods, have varied greatly in the course of one century, influenced by the occurrence of single extreme events. The data will be made publicly available for the further analysis of the mechanisms governing the runoff behavior of small catchments, as well as for testing stochastic and deterministic models. 相似文献
82.
Thomas A. Jefferson Dagmar Fertl Jaime Bolaños-Jiménez Alexandre N. Zerbini 《Marine Biology》2009,156(6):1109-1124
Due to indications that misidentification (largely confusion among dolphins of the genera Delphinus and Stenella) in the past had led to erroneous assumptions of distribution of the two species of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis and D. capensis) in the western Atlantic Ocean, we conducted a critical re-examination of records of the genus Delphinus from this region. We compiled 460 ‘plottable’ records, required support for confirmation of genus and species identifications,
and found many records lacking (and some clearly misidentified). When we plotted only the valid records (n = 364), we found evidence of populations in only three areas, and apparent absence throughout much of the tropical/subtropical
regions. Off the east coast of the US and Canada, D. delphis is found from the Georgia/South Carolina border (32°N) north to about 47–50°N off Newfoundland. Since the 1960s, they have
apparently been absent from Florida waters. There is no evidence that dolphins of the genus occur in the Gulf of Mexico. Reports
of common dolphins from most of the Caribbean Basin are also rejected, and the only place in that region where they are confirmed
to occur is off central-eastern Venezuela (a coastal D. capensis population). Off eastern South America, common dolphins appear to be restricted to south of 20°S. There is a coastal long-beaked
population found in the South Brazil Bight, and one or more short-beaked populations south and offshore of this (ranging south
to at least northern Argentina). The results are very different from commonly-accepted patterns of distribution for the genus
in the Atlantic. Most areas of distribution coincide with moderate to strong upwelling and common dolphins appear to avoid
warm, tropical waters. This study shows that great care must be taken in identification of similar-appearing long-beaked delphinids,
and that uncritical acceptance of records at face value can lead to incorrect assumptions about the ranges of the species
involved. 相似文献
83.
A multi-scale approach to modelling spatial and dynamic ecological patterns for reservoir's water quality management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Edna Cabecinha Martinho Loureno Joo Paulo Moura Miguel ngelo Pardal Joo Alexandre Cabral 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(19):2559-2569
With growing levels of urbanization and agriculture throughout the world, it is increasingly important that both research and management efforts take into account the effects of this widespread landscape alteration and its consequences for natural systems. Freshwater ecosystems, namely reservoirs, are particularly sensitive to land use changes. In this context, modelling can be very useful, for decision support, as an investigative tool to forecast the outcome of various scenarios, to guide current management in order to meet future targets and to develop integrated frameworks for management accordingly to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The present paper examined the applicability of a holistic Stochastic-Dynamic Methodology (StDM), coupled with a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in capturing how expected changes at land use level will alter the ecological status of lentic ecosystems, namely at physicochemical and biological levels. The methodology was applied to Portuguese reservoirs located in the Douro's basin and illustrated with a series of stochastic-dynamic and spatial outputs taking into account expected scenarios regarding land use changes. Overall, the simulation results are encouraging since they seem to demonstrate the tool reliability in capturing the stochastic environmental dynamics of the selected metrics facing spatial explicit scenarios. The ultimate goal was to couple monitoring assessment and the described modelling techniques to ease management and decision making regarding the practical implementation of the WFD, both at the scale of the reservoir body and at the scale of the respective river watershed dynamics. 相似文献
84.
Turbulence characteristics within sparse and dense canopies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Laurence Pietri Alexandre Petroff Muriel Amielh Fabien Anselmet 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2009,9(3):297-320
Boundary layer interactions with canopies control various environmental processes. In the case of dense and homogeneous canopies,
the so-called mixing layer analogy is most generally used. When the canopy becomes sparser, a transition occurs between the
mixing layer and the boundary layer perturbed by interactions between element wakes. This transition has still to be fully
understood and characterized. The experimental work presented here deals with the effect of the canopy density on the flow
turbulence and involves an artificial canopy placed in a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. One and two-component velocity
measurements are performed, both within and above the canopy. The influence of the spacing between canopy elements is studied.
Longitudinal velocity statistical moments and Reynolds stresses are calculated and compared to literature data. For spacings
greater than the canopy height, evidences of this transition are found in the evolution of the skewness factor, shear length
scale and mixing length. 相似文献
85.
Jenni E Pettay Anna Rotkirch Alexandre Courtiol Markus Jokela Virpi Lummaa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(1):135-143
The fitness benefits of multiple mating determine the strength of sexual selection in each sex. This is traditionally quantified by the number of offspring born to once versus multiply mated individuals. In species with (bi)parental care, however, this measure may overestimate the benefits of multiple mating since having several mates can increase offspring number but decrease offspring quality. We analyzed short- and long-term fitness consequences of multiple marriages for both sexes in humans in preindustrial Finnish populations, where monogamy was socially enforced and remarriage was possible only after widowhood. Remarriage increased the lifetime number of offspring sired by men by lengthening their reproductive span but was unrelated to the lifetime number of births for women. However, neither men's nor women's long-term fitness, measured as their number of grandchildren, was significantly increased or decreased by remarriage. These associations were not modified by individual wealth. Our results suggest that despite increasing the number of offspring sired by men, the long-term fitness benefits of serial monogamy may be negligible for both sexes when parental investment is crucial for offspring success and continues to adulthood. They also demonstrate the importance of incorporating long-term fitness measures when quantifying the benefits of mating and reproductive strategies. 相似文献
86.
Silveira Elizandro Oliveira Moura Daiane Rieger Alexandre Machado Ênio Leandro Lutterbeck Carlos Alexandre 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(25):20469-20478
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study investigated the performance of an integrated system, combining the sequential use of microalgae (MA) and vertical flow constructed... 相似文献
87.
Gandhi Escajadillo Toledo Alexandre Vieira Pelegrini Adriano Heemann 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2016,9(4):251-258
In Brazil, there are few studies investigating the performance and guidelines parameters of solar light pipes from the national perspective. This paper aims to analyse the performance of a solar light pipe prototype installed in a test house in the city of Curitiba/PR, Brazil and to indicate a set of parameters for the design of solar light pipes for the Brazilian social housing context. The performance of a solar light pipe provided with different lighting devices to control and redirect light was analysed. The best performance for diffusers was obtained during partially covered skies. Light redirection devices presented the best efficiency during clear sky conditions with direct sunlight, on working-planes closer to the prototype. The developed prototype with the lighting control devices produced a considerably enhanced lighting performance, complementing natural lighting in indoor environment. Based on the results, recommendations and guidelines to enhance solar light pipe configurations are proposed. 相似文献
88.
Lívia E. T. Mendonça Alexandre Vasconcellos Caroline M. Souto Tacyana P. R. Oliveira Rômulo R. N. Alves 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1649-1657
Hunting plays an important socioeconomic role in the semi-arid region of Brazil, by supplying meat and other products. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on which species are most used by the local populations and what are the implications for conservation of exploited animals. This paper explores the bushmeat consumption in the Brazilian Caatinga region, where wild animals comprise an important protein source. A questionnaire was used to gather information from hunters, and the consumption of bushmeat by their families was monitored. Interviews revealed that 58 vertebrate species could potentially be consumed as bushmeat, but the samples provided by the monitored families comprised only 28 species. Birds were the animals most consumed, followed by mammals, although the biomass of both groups was similar. The consumption of bushmeat was not correlated with hunters’ socioeconomic data (income, age or schooling). Hunters recognized that the populations of some game species appeared to be declining, showing that bushmeat consumption, together with the cultural, economic and social aspects of the human populations involved in hunting, should be considered when discussing the conservation of animal resources in the Caatinga region. 相似文献
89.
Brook JR Johnson D Mamedov A 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(9):1162-1169
An ensemble-trajectory analysis technique known as Quantitative Transport Bias Analysis was applied to determine which geographic areas systematically contributed to above- and below-average fine particle mass (PM2.5) over eastern North America. Six-hour average measurements from 12 rural or suburban locations in eastern North America collected using a tapered element oscillating microbalance were individually associated with corresponding 3-day back-trajectories for the warm seasons (May-September) of 2000 and 2001. Much of the populated areas of northeastern North America were implicated in the build-up of PM2.5 to above-average concentrations. The finer structure of the Quantitative Transport Bias Analysis pattern indicated that transport from the Ohio River Valley, particularly the eastern portion of this area, was most often associated with the highest PM2.5 concentrations. In addition, air masses originating over a relatively large area from southeast Ohio to the western part of Virginia and the western Kentucky to central Tennessee area tended to result in relatively high PM2.5 concentrations over northeastern North America. These observation-based findings were consistent with the spatial distribution of the main sulfur dioxide emissions sources and the major oxides of nitrogen point sources. 相似文献
90.
Camila T. Marques Simone M. Golunski Bruno Venturin Aline F. Camargo Thamarys Scapini Daiane Baldissarelli Tatiani A. Modkovski Karina Paula Preczeski Camila Dalla Rosa Gean D. L. P. Vargas Jaqueline Garda Buffon Catiusa K. Rosin Alexandre Arenzon Altemir J. Mossi Helen Treichel 《环境质量管理》2017,27(2):25-31
The present study investigates the application of a noncommercial peroxidase enzyme, which was extracted from rice bran, to decolorize wastewater that was simulating effluent from a textile manufacturer using a red dye in its coloration process. 相似文献