2000~2005年三江平原土地利用/覆被变化对植被净初级生产力的影响研究

区域土地利用/覆被变化对植被生产力的影响是LUCC环境效应的重要组成部分,对于区域陆地生态系统碳循环的研究具有重要意义。三江平原地区是我国土地利用变化最为剧烈的地区之一,然而,区域尺度上土地利用/覆被变化对植被生产力的影响研究不多。基于以上原因,论文应用以遥感观测和生态系统过程模型为基础的土地利用数据和植被净初级生产力NPP数据,估算土地利用变化过程对三江平原地区植被生产力的影响。结果表明,林地、草地和沼泽湿地向耕地的转化是三江平原土地利用/覆被变化的最主要特征。2000~2005年期间,耕地面积增加了43.28×10⁴hm²,主要来自林地、草地和湿地的转化,转化面积分别为26.20×10⁴、10.81×10⁴和22.45×10⁴hm²。过去5年间,三江平原平均NPP由401.1g C m^-2 a^-1下降为377.5g C m^-2 a^-1,其中沼泽湿地平均NPP下降了7.8%,耕地、林地和草地的平均NPP均呈下降趋势。2000~2005年期间,三江平原地区净初级生产总量由4.37×10⁴G g C a^-1下降为4.11×10⁴G g C a^-1,减少量为2 575.1G g C a^-1,减少率为5.9%。三江平原地区2000年和2005年的气候因子变化不大,其对NPP的影响可以忽略。土地覆被变化直接导致区域净初级生产力的降低,人类活动干扰的强度和频度加剧对于区域植被净初级生产力的降低具有重要影响。     

洪泛区天然湿地土壤有机质及氮素空间分布特征

泛区;天然湿地;有机质;氮素;空间分布     

Population health risk via dietary exposure to trace elements (Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Hg,and As) in Qiqihar,Northeastern China

The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of six trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in vegetables (leafy vegetable, i.e., bok choy, fruit vegetables, i.e., cucumber and tomato, and other categories, i.e., mushroom, kidney bean, and potato), cereals (rice and wheat flour), and meats (pork, mutton, and beef) most commonly consumed by adult inhabitants of Qiqihar, Northeastern China, were determined to assess the health status of local people. The average EDIs of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were with 20.77 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Cu, 288 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Zn, 2.01 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Pb, 0.41 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Cd, 0.01 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of Hg, and 0.52 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 of As, respectively, which are below the daily allowance recommended by FAO/WHO. However, the maximum EDIs of Pb and Cd were 4.56 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 and 1.68 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1, respectively, which are above the recommended levels [i.e., 3.58 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 for Pb and 1.0 μg (kg bw)^?1 day^?1 for Cd] by FAO/WHO. This finding indicates that the potential health risk induced by daily ingestion of Pb and Cd for the local residents should receive a significant concern. Similarly, we detected elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, i.e., with average of 13.58 and 0.60 mg kg^?1 dw, respectively, in the adult scalp hairs. Consumption of rice, potato, bok choy, and wheat flour contributed to 75 and 82% of Pb and Cd daily intake from foodstuffs. Nevertheless, human scalp hair is inappropriate biological material for determination of the nutritional status of trace elements in this region.     

多类型地震动作用下高层结构的易损性分析

以低频成分为主的长周期地震动容易引起中、长周期结构的破坏,针对这类特殊的地震动,现行抗震规范没有相应的条文,且有关单独考虑长周期地震动作用下结构动力响应的研究成果很少。以一个30层框架剪力墙高层结构为例,利用Perform-3D三维有限元软件进行建模,选取10条远场长周期地震动、10条近场长周期地震动以及10条普通地震动,将最大层间位移角作为工程需求参数,S_a(T₁,5%)作为地震强度指标。基于增量动力分析方法对该结构进行动力时程分析,并定义了4个结构性能水平,然后统计不同地震强度下的结构需求,获取地震易损性曲线,最终对比评价了三类地震动作用下结构的易损性。     

吉林省西部草地的时空变化及其驱动因素分析

吉林省西部草地退化严重,研究该区草地时空演变对其畜牧业及生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。利用1980、1995、2000年三期遥感影像,在RS与GIS支持下,解译提取该区草地信息,分析其时空变化。结果表明:①20年来,草地面积减少40.70%,尤其高覆盖度草地,净减少率达51.96%;②1980至1995年,从动态度可以看出高覆盖度草地对草地整体变化影响较大;1995至2000年,总动态度和高、中覆盖度草地动态度接近,这两种草地类型对草地整体变化影响较大;③草地主要转化为耕地和盐碱地,转移面积分别达475799.43hm²和303182.06hm²;④20年来,各类型草地重心向东北方向偏移,不同阶段各类型草地重心偏移表现出无规律性、多向性。自然因素对该区草地退化起到一定的驱动作用,人类活动干扰则是主要驱动力。     

不同利用方式对松嫩平原典型县耕地土壤养分状况的影响

耕地是受人为活动影响最强、对人类生存最重要的土地资源类型之一,研究不同利用方式对耕地的利用对土壤理化性状的影响可以为土壤资源管理与合理利用提供依据.本文选取国家重点商品粮食基地松嫩平原九台市,在获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,系统分析了不同耕地利用方式土壤养分状况的影响.结果表明,在11种土壤养分中,有效锌和有效磷的总变异系数最大,pH值和阳离子变异系数最小.不同耕地利用方式对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾具有显著影响,而对土壤缓效钾的影响不显著.因农户对菜地的投入及管理水平明显高于粮田,造成菜地土壤的有机质和大量元素含量高于粮田.除有效钼在不同利用方式中的含量无显著差异外,不同利用方式对土壤有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰和有效硼具有显著影响.水田和菜地的pH和CEC高于旱田.     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理混合制药废水

介绍了水解酸化-SBR工艺在新北江制药厂的应用情况。经过一段时间的调试及运行表明,该工艺对处理有机物浓度高、成分复杂、水质水量变化大的高浓度混合制药废水是切实可行的,出水水质达到广东省地方污水排放二级标准。该工艺操作简便、运行效果稳定,具有推广应用价值。     

Future solutions for the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China

The current status of the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China is summarized on the basis of the results of the Declaring and Registration Project initiated nationally in 1995. A principle framework for the sound management of hazardous wastes is proposed, which includes three levels of technical solutions. Large-scale enterprises are encouraged to recycle, to treat, and to dispose of wastes by means of constructing facilities, and to have their extra capacities available to the public for a reasonable fee. Municipal governments, provincial governments, and the Central Government are to plan and construct centralized facilities to recycle, treat, and dispose of wastes. For a solution at the manufacturing level, recycling is identified as the main approach. Centralized facilities at the municipal level will mainly focus on special wastes that are unsuitable to transport and store, such as hospital waste, and for the technical solution at this level, incineration and recycling are identified as the main approaches. For the technical solution at the provincial and national levels, landfill and incineration are identified as the main approaches. Based on this principle and the current available data on hazardous wastes, a preliminary plan for the spatial distribution of cross-provincial centralized treatment and disposal facilities of hazardous wastes is presented. The construction of approximately nine cross-provincial comprehensive facilities is proposed. A priority list for the construction of these planned facilities is also presented.