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61.
Pohlman JW Coffin RB Mitchell CS Montgomery MT Spargo BJ Steele JK Boyd TJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,75(2):155-167
Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commoncontaminants in industrial watersheds. Their origin,transport and fate are important to scientists,environmental managers and citizens. The Philadelphia NavalReserve Basin (RB) is a small semi-enclosed embayment nearthe confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers inPennsylvania (USA). We conducted a study at this site todetermine the tidal flux of particles and particle-boundcontaminants associated with the RB. Particle traps wereplaced at the mouth and inside the RB and in the Schuylkilland Delaware Rivers. There was net particle deposition intothe RB, which was determined for three seasons. Spring andfall depositions were highest (1740 and 1230 kg ofparticles, respectively) while winter deposition wasinsignificant. PAH concentrations on settling particlesindicated a net deposition of 12.7 g PAH in fall and 2.1 gPAH in spring over one tidal cycle. There was nosignificant PAH deposition in the winter. Biodegradationrates, calculated from 14C-labeled PAH substratemineralization, could attenuate only about 0.25% of the PAHdeposited during a tidal cycle in fall. However, in thespring, biodegradation could be responsible for degrading50% of the settling PAHs. The RB appears to be a sink forPAHs in this watershed. 相似文献
62.
Over the past several decades, we have argued that cultural evolution can facilitate the evolution of large-scale cooperation
because it often leads to more rapid adaptation than genetic evolution, and, when multiple stable equilibria exist, rapid
adaptation leads to variation among groups. Recently, Lehmann, Feldman, and colleagues have published several papers questioning
this argument. They analyze models showing that cultural evolution can actually reduce the range of conditions under which
cooperation can evolve and interpret these models as indicating that we were wrong to conclude that culture facilitated the
evolution of human cooperation. In the main, their models assume that rates of cultural adaption are not strong enough compared
to migration to maintain persistent variation among groups when payoffs create multiple stable equilibria. We show that Lehmann
et al. reach different conclusions because they have made different assumptions. We argue that the assumptions that underlie
our models are more consistent with the empirical data on large-scale cultural variation in humans than those of Lehmann et
al., and thus, our models provide a more plausible account of the cultural evolution of human cooperation in large groups. 相似文献
63.
Certain criteria must be satisfied before a licence for the deposition of dredged material at sea in UK waters is issued.
These relate to the chemical quality of the material, the quantity to be disposed of, its nature and origin, and its predicted
impacts at the disposal site. Although chemical analyses of dredgings provide an indication of the relative degrees of contamination,
they do not provide a measure of any resultant biological effects. A laboratory experiment was therefore designed to investigate
the effects of the degree of contamination and the role of burial associated with the deposition of dredged material on the
meiofauna. Estuarine nematode assemblages were exposed to the simulated deposition of uncontaminated, oxic intertidal mud
and anoxic sediments from the Mersey and the Tees estuaries, both of which were contaminated with heavy metals. The sediments,
which differed little in terms of grain size, were deposited in two different frequencies. Nematodes showed a clear species-specific
response to the experimental treatments, depending on the frequency of deposition and the chemical quality of the deposited
material (e.g. metal and oxygen concentrations). The response of nematode assemblages was mainly determined by the deposition
frequency rather than the type of sediment or the degree of contamination. The deposition of sediment in one large dose at
the beginning of the experiment caused more severe changes in assemblage structure than the same quantity deposited in several
smaller doses. Although lower than in uncontaminated mud, relatively high migration and survival rates in the contaminated
high-frequency treatments were observed. This may have been due to reduced bioavailability of metals and the tolerance of
estuarine nematodes to both metal contamination and the deposition of small sediment volumes at regular intervals. The observed
trends demonstrate the potential of small-scale laboratory experiments for testing the quality of contaminated dredged material
at the licensing stage, i.e. prior to the issue of a disposal licence.
Received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 June 2000 相似文献
64.
Kramer DB Polasky S Starfield A Palik B Westphal L Snyder S Jakes P Hudson R Gustafson E 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):411-425
Roughly 45% of the assessed lakes in the United States are impaired for one or more reasons. Eutrophication due to excess
phosphorus loading is common in many impaired lakes. Various strategies are available to lake residents for addressing declining
lake water quality, including septic system upgrades and establishing riparian buffers. This study examines 25 lakes to determine
whether septic upgrades or riparian buffers are a more cost-effective strategy to meet a phosphorus reduction target. We find
that riparian buffers are the more cost-effective strategy in every case but one. Large transaction costs associated with
the negotiation and monitoring of riparian buffers, however, may be prohibiting lake residents from implementing the most
cost-effective strategy.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
65.
66.
Anticipatory governance for social-ecological resilience 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anticipation is increasingly central to urgent contemporary debates, from climate change to the global economic crisis. Anticipatory practices are coming to the forefront of political, organizational, and citizens’ society. Research into anticipation, however, has not kept pace with public demand for insights into anticipatory practices, their risks and uses. Where research exists, it is deeply fragmented. This paper seeks to identify how anticipation is defined and understood in the literature and to explore the role of anticipatory practice to address individual, social, and global challenges. We use a resilience lens to examine these questions. We illustrate how varying forms of anticipatory governance are enhanced by multi-scale regional networks and technologies and by the agency of individuals, drawing from an empirical case study on regional water governance of Mälaren, Sweden. Finally, we discuss how an anticipatory approach can inform adaptive institutions, decision making, strategy formation, and societal resilience. 相似文献
67.
Sucharova J Suchara I Hola M Reimann C Boyd R Filzmoser P Englmaier P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1205-1214
While terrestrial moss and other plants are frequently used for environmental mapping and monitoring projects, data on the regional geochemistry of humus are scarce. Humus, however, has a much larger life span than any plant material. It can be seen as the “environmental memory” of an area for at least the last 60-100 years. Here concentrations of 39 elements determined by ICP-MS and ICP AES, pH and ash content are presented for 259 samples of forest floor humus collected at an average sample density of 1 site/300 km2 in the Czech Republic. The scale of anomalies linked to known contamination sources (e.g., lignite mining and burning, metallurgical industry, coal fired power plants, metal smelters) is documented and discussed versus natural processes influencing humus quality. Most maps indicate a local impact from individual contamination sources: often more detailed sampling than used here would be needed to differentiate between likely sources. 相似文献
68.
69.
D W Fitzpatrick K E Boyd L M Wilson J R Wilson 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》1988,23(2):159-170
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (180 g) and 28-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels (300 g) were orally dosed with deoxynivalenol (DON) at 2.5 mg kg-1 body weight. In the first experiment, whole brains were collected at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the toxin treatment and analyzed for brain biogenic monoamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Although several interesting trends were observed, DON did not influence whole brain concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters or their metabolites in either species, at any time. In a second experiment, brains were collected 24 hours postdosing, dissected into 5 brain regions (pons and medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebral cortex), and analyzed. DON treatment resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of serotonin (HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (HIAA) in all brain regions of the rat. However, this was not seen in poultry, where DON treatment resulted in a decrease in norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and a decrease in dopamine (DA) in the pons and medulla oblongata region. These results suggest that DON influences brain biogenic amine metabolism, and that there may be intraspecies differences in the central effects of this mycotoxin. 相似文献
70.
Richard G. Allen Boyd Burnett William Kramber Justin Huntington Jeppe Kjaersgaard Ayse Kilic Carlos Kelly Ricardo Trezza 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(3):563-576
A remaining challenge to applying satellite‐based energy‐balance algorithms for operational estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is the calibration of the energy‐balance model. Customized calibration for each image date is generally required to overcome biases associated with radiometric accuracy of the image, uncertainties in aerodynamic features of the landscape, background thermal conditions, and model assumptions. The CIMEC process (calibration using inverse modeling at extreme conditions) is an endpoint calibration procedure where near extreme conditions in the image are identified where the ET can be estimated and assigned. In the Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC?) energy‐balance model, two endpoints represent the dry and wet ends of the ET spectrum. Generally, user‐intervention is required to select locations in the image to produce best accuracy. To bring the METRIC and similar processes into the domain of less experienced operators, a consistent, reproducible, and dependable statistics‐based procedure is introduced where relationships between vegetation amount and surface temperature are used to identify a subpopulation of locations (pixels) in an image that may best represent the calibration endpoints. This article describes the background and logic for the statistical approach, how the statistics were developed, area of interest requirements and assumptions, adjustment for dry conditions in desert climates, and implementation in a common image processing environment (ERDAS Imagine). 相似文献