Y型内混双级雾化喷嘴流量特性研究

对自行设计的 Y 型内混双级雾化喷嘴进行了实验研究,分析了不同喷嘴尺寸对喷嘴流量特性的影响.对比了压缩空气与过热蒸气做雾化介质的不同.通过测量喷嘴内混室压力,拟合出了供气压力-内混室压力曲线,并通过实验测量和校核,得到工质流景系数的表达式,对喷嘴设计有指导作用.     

Dioxins and their fingerprint in size-classified fly ash fractions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China--mechanical grate and fluidized bed units

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins, has seldom been addressed systematically in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). This study shows the amount and fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in fly ash from four different Chinese MSWIs, that is, three mechanical grate units and one circulating fluidized bed unit. In these fly ash samples, dioxins-related parameters (international toxic equivalent quantity, total amount of PCDD/Fs, individual isomer classes, and 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners) all tend to increase with decreasing particle size for mechanical grate incinerators, yet only for the finest fraction for fluidized bed units. Moreover, the fluidized bed incinerator seems superior to grate incineration in controlling dioxins, yet a comparison is hampered by internal differences in the sample, for example, the fluidized bed fly ash has much lower carbon and chlorine contents. In addition, the presence of sulfur from mixing coal as supplemental fuel to the MSW may poison the catalytic steps in dioxins formation and thus suppress the formation of dioxins. With more residual carbon and chlorine in the fly ash, it is easier to form dioxins during cooling. Nevertheless, there is no apparent relation between Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and that of dioxins in fly ash.     

Source identification of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near to a Chinese MSWI plant through isomer-specific data analysis

Isomer-specific data were investigated in order to identify the sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in agricultural soils, including Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils, in the vicinity of a Chinese municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Homologue and isomer profiles of PCDD/Fs in soils were compared with those of potential sources, including combustion sources, i.e., MSWI flue gas and fly ash; and the impurities in agrochemicals, such as the pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) and 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy) benzene (CNP). The results showed that the PCDD/F isomer profiles of combustion sources and agricultural soils were very similar, especially for PCDFs, although their homologue profiles varied, indicating that all the isomers within each homologue behave identically in the air and soil. Moreover, factor analysis of the isomer compositions among 33 soil samples revealed that the contamination of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near the MSWI plant were primarily influenced by the combustion sources, followed by the PCP/PCP-Na and CNP sources. This implication is consistent with our previous findings based on chemometric analysis of homologue profiles of soil and flue gas samples, and identifies PCP/PCP-Na as an additional important source of PCDD/Fs in the local area. This makes the similarities and differences of isomer profiles between Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils more explainable. It is, therefore, advisable to use isomer-specific data for PCDD/F source identifications where possible.     

The effect of background irradiation on photocatalytic efficiencies of TiO2 thin films

TiO(2) thin films were prepared on quartz pipe substrates. Effects of the thickness of the films, the wavelength of the UV light and La doping on efficiencies of background irradiated photocatalysis were investigated, and simultaneously was compared with those of foreground irradiated photocatalysis. The results showed that there was an optimal thickness of the film corresponding with each wavelength of the light source limited in the range from 300 nm to 388 nm in the case of background irradiated photocatalysis, which was quite different from that of foreground irradiated one. But in both cases, the film's photocatalytic activities were enhanced by La non-uniformly doping. The results are useful for the design of high-efficiency photocatalytic reactors.     

Chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by mushroom (Coprinus comatus)

This study investigated the potential use of chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from soil by Coprinus comatus in a pot experiment. Two production waves of the mushroom were obtained to determine biomass and metal concentration. The application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetate (NTA) slightly inhibited the growth of C. comatus, but significantly enhanced the accumulation of heavy metals in fruiting bodies compared with the control. The highest concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd reached 900.60, 783.61 and 23.64 mg·kg^?1 in a single pot, respectively. However, application of citric acid (CA) had no effect on metal uptake. Moreover, chelators applied to soil after fructification increased the dry biomass and metal concentration in fruiting bodies compared with those applied before sowing mycelia. EDTA was more efficient for inducing metal uptake by C. comatus than NTA or CA, and split applications of EDTA after fructification resulted in the highest total metal uptake by mushroom, i.e. 19.08±2.84, 17.57±0.69 and 0.55±0.06 mg for Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively, which were 130, 12 and 5 times values obtained with the control. Interestingly, many mushrooms turned blue after soil had been treated with chelator, indicating that these mushrooms are rich in Cu.     

挥发性有机物处理新技术的研究

随着VOCs处理要求的不断提高,新型的VOCs处理技术日益受到关注。详细分析了生物法、光催化氧化法以及等离子体催化氧化法VOCs处理新技术的研究进展。高效微生物的筛选、新型生物填充材料的研究使生物法VOCs处理更加实用;光催化剂的表面改性有助于防止催化剂钝化,保证光催化系统的长期稳定运行;等离子体催化氧化VOCs过程中能耗的降低以及副产物的控制将是下一步研究的重点。     

1949～1998年中国大洪涝灾害若干特征分析

根据1949~1998年大洪涝灾害资料、运用一般统计方法和分形理论,分析了1949~1998年大洪涝灾害的若干特征,得出大洪涝灾害的发生频率在不断增加、受灾农田面积波动上升、空间上以长江和珠江流域为主、季节上集中在6~8月份等特征,并探讨了大洪涝灾害时间序列上的分形特征。     

Frequency comparative study of coal-fired fly ash acoustic agglomeration

Comparative studies between high-frequency and lowfrequency acoustic agglomeration were carried out to investigate the frequency influence on agglomeration efficiency.     

小型工业煤粉锅炉脱硫技术应用

本文针对未安装脱硫设施的小型煤粉锅炉(20t/h以下)导致SO2排放浓度超标现象,从脱硫效果、工程费用、运行费用等方面对湿式脱硫与干式灰钙法脱硫两种方案进行比较分析,得出采用灰钙法脱硫更为可行。     

作物秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响

基于前期研究,利用秸秆材料处理养殖废水,能够有效降低养殖废水中氮的浓度,但周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响尚不清楚.设置麦秸、玉米秆、稻草和空白对照这4个处理,试验周期为1 a,研究秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其氮循环微生物功能基因丰度动态变化.结果表明：① 3种作物秸秆对养殖废水TN和NH₄⁺-N等主要污染物的去除效率均以前6个月为最佳,后6个月去除效率明显下降;稻草及麦秸对TN和NH₄⁺-N的周年去除效果较好,其中稻草和麦秸对TN去除率分别为（32.81±11.34）%和（32.99±9.60）%,对NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为（35.3±13.23）%和（34.97±12.00）%;②添加秸秆材料生物基质消纳系统中氮循环微生物功能基因nirK、nirS和hzsB基因丰度为6.45×10⁹、6.18×10⁹和2.31×10⁹copies·L^-1,AOA和AOB基因丰度分别为6.12×10¹⁰copies·L^-1和4.93×10⁹copies·L^-1;16S rRNA高达8.90×10¹⁰copies·L^-1,均显著高于空白处理（P<0.05）.其中添加稻草和麦秸处理中hzsB基因和nirS基因丰度相对较高,表明添加稻草和麦秸显著增强了生物基质消纳系统厌氧氨氧化和反硝化微生物作用.同时,相较于其他处理,添加麦秸增加了生物基质池AOA和AOB基因丰度,表明麦秸能够促进生物基质消纳系统的硝化作用.以上研究结果为秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮去除分子机制提供了数据支撑.