甲醛等室内主要污染物分布特征与影响评价

现代人80%以上的时间是在室内度过的,室内实际上已成为越来越多的人最直接、最经常的生活环境。与此同时,室内空气质量的优劣也越来越受到人们的关注。本文在呼和浩特市选择不同时间装修的居室,对其室内空气中甲醛、氨、一氧化碳、氡的含量进行了实测,分析了居室装修后室内主要空气污染物的污染水平以及各污染物的分布特征。数据表明,目前新近装修的居室内存在严重的甲醛污染,其超标率达到55.81%,随装修后时间的推移室内甲醛含量逐渐减少,其超标率逐渐降低,说明室内甲醛含量与室内通风状况有明显的正相关性;在所测定的居室中,一氧化碳及氨均未超标,氡的超标率为20%。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水无泡供氧的研究

用疏水性微孔膜制成的供氧器，向水溶液或发酵液供氧时，无气泡产生，这种无泡式供氧方式突破了传统的泡式供氧模式，具有传氧效率高，无泡沫产生和动力消耗低等优点。在膜生物反应器中用无泡式供氧进行生活污水处理试验研究。结果表明，COD，BOD5、NH3－N、浊度去除率分别达95％、94％和99％，对SS和大肠杆菌去除率达100％。     

用CBMN法评价4-氯酚与富里酸对CHO细胞的毒性效应

用ＣＨＯ细胞和ＣＢＭ法对４－ＣＰ（４－氯）及春ＦＡ协同作用的细胞毒性效应进行了评价,选用的细胞学毒性参数为总微核率（ＭＮ）、含微核的双核细胞率（ＢＮＭＮ）、核分鲜明指数（ＮＯＩ）和南分裂阻断增殖指数（ＣＢＰＩ）,结果表明：ＦＡ单独处理与阴性对照组比较不引起显著性差异;４－Ｃ客ＦＡ联合处理与４－ＣＰ各浓度分别处理相比有显著性的差异;对于ＢＮＭＮ和ＮＤＩ,Ｐ〈０．０１;对于ＭＮ和ＣＢＰＩ,Ｐ〈０．０５     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter(PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). ...     

有机膨润土吸附苯酚的性能及其在水处理中的应用初探

分别用氯化十六烷基吡啶（CPC）和溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）改性膨润土,试验了制备有机膨润土的适宜条件及其对吸附苯酚性能的影响。上述两种有机膨润土吸附水中苯酚很快能达到平衡。pH值为3─9时,有机膨润土处理苯酚的效果基本一致;pH>11时,有较高的去除率。CPC－膨润土或CTMAB－膨润土对苯酚的饱和吸附容量分别为103.5mg/g和75.0mg/g。有机膨润土处理苯酚的效果比原土提高8倍以上。     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定

偶氮红两相滴定法在ｐＨ＝７．５的条件下,能测定水和废水中的各种阴离子表面活性剂的摩尔浓度。本文通过对硫酸盐、磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、肥皂和磷酸盐等各类阴离子表面活性剂的测定,以及干扰试验和实际水样测定,表明此法优于亚甲基蓝分光光度法。方法的变异系数为１．０％（ｎ＝１１）,最小检出浓度０．０５２ｍｇ／Ｌ（ｎ＝２１）,加标回收率９２．１％－１１０．２％,平均１００．６％（ｎ＝１４）。建议水中阴离子表面活性剂     

崇明岛水源地水质安全与对策

在崇明岛上最不缺的便是水,但崇明岛一年之中却有1/4左右时间被咸潮包围。咸潮期间,原水水源受到影响,崇明岛百姓饱受咸潮之苦。随着"东风西沙"水库建成,整个崇明岛剩余的20多座小水厂将关闭,只保留改造4座较大规模水厂,届时将全面切换输送来自"东风西沙"水库的原水。本文通过对崇明岛水系分析,提出崇明岛水源地以东风西沙为主要水源地,崇明南横引河以及明珠湖、北湖、东滩湖为备用水源地的建议,保障崇明岛饮用水供水安全。     

燃煤型砷中毒病区尿砷甲基化代谢和砷致皮肤损伤危险度的关系初探

砷中毒具有特异的皮肤损伤特征。为了研究燃煤型砷中毒病区高砷暴露、人体甲基化代谢能力与皮肤损伤患病风险之间的关系,在陕南典型燃煤型砷中毒村进行了皮肤损伤诊断和流行病学调查,采集尿样并分析总砷及形态砷含量,同时计算了用于表征人体砷甲基化代谢能力的指标包括尿中无机砷、一甲基砷和二甲基砷占总砷的百分含量(i As%、MMA%、DMA%),以及一甲基化率(PMI=MMA/i As)和二甲基化率(SMI=DMA/MMA)。Logistic回归分析结果表明:尿总砷含量(UTAs)是砷致皮肤损伤的危险因素(OR=1.038,95%CI:1.003~1.073),二甲基砷百分含量和SMI是皮肤损伤的保护因素(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.798~0.976;OR=0.724,95%CI:0.535~0.978);且砷致皮肤损伤的危险度随砷暴露水平的增高和甲基化能力的降低而增大。     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

Size-fractionation and characterization of landfill leachate and the improvement of Cu2+ adsorption capacity in soil and aged refuse

Leachate was collected from an anaerobic lagoon at Shanghai Laogang refuse landfill, the largest landfill in China, and the sample was separated into six fractions using micro-filtration membranes, followed by ultra-filtration membranes. Several parameters of the samples were measured, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total solids (TS), pH, total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), fixed solids (FS), NH4+, orthophosphate, color, turbidity, and conductivity. These parameters were then quantitatively correlated with the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane used. Organic matter in the dissolved fraction (MW<1kDa) predominated in the leachate, accounting for 65% of TOC. Thermal infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the filter residues. Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of methyl and methylene groups, and of functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms, were observed. In addition, the ability of two different samples to adsorb heavy metals was tested. Cu2+ was chosen as the representative heavy metal in this study, and the samples were soil; aged refuse, which had spent 8 years in a conventional sanitary landfill; and samples of soil and aged refuse treated for 48h with leachate in the ratio of 5g of sample per 50ml of leachate. Cu2+ uptake by the raw soil was approximately 4.60microg/g, while uptake by the leachate-contacted soil and leachate-contacted aged refuse were 5.66 and 5.11microg/g, respectively. These results show that the organic matter in the leachate enhanced the capacity of aqueous solutions to adsorb Cu2+.