碳同位素在溢油鉴定中的应用研究

通过分析中国代表性原油、氯仿沥青"A"组分碳同位素和正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成,探讨其在溢油鉴定中的应用.结果表明,原油的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,不同来源的原油及其氯仿沥青"A"组分的碳同位素类型曲线形状不同,可以利用这种规律进行溢油鉴定.碳同位素的抗风化性是其用于油指纹鉴别的最大优点.正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析使得有机质碳同位素研究进入分子级水平,因其特征性和稳定性正日益成为重要且有效的油类污染物的"环境示踪剂".     

Study on the aerosol optical properties and their relationship with aerosol chemical compositions over three regional background stations in China

The special and temporal characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom wavelength exponent (Alpha) and their relationship with aerosol chemical compositions were analyzed by using the data of CE318 sun-photometer and aerosol sampling instruments at Lin'an, Shangdianzi and Longfengshan regional atmospheric background stations. Having the highest AOD among the three stations, Lin'an shows two peaks in a year. The AOD at Shangdianzi station shows a single annual peak with an obvious seasonal variation. The AOD at Longfengshan station has obvious seasonal variation which peaks in spring. The Alpha analysis suggests that the aerosol sizes in Lin'an, Longfengshan and Shangdianzi change from fine to coarse categories. The relationship between the aerosol optical depths of the Lin'an and Longfengshan stations and their chemical compositions is not significant, which suggests that there is not a simple linear relationship between column aerosol optical depth and the near surface chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols. The aerosol optical depth may be affected by the chemical composition, the particle size and the shape of aerosol as well as the water vapor in the atmosphere.     

原料对餐厨垃圾堆肥产品的影响及其绿地应用适宜性分析

以果蔬残余(VW)、食物残余(FL)及混配餐厨垃圾(MIX)为原料,用生化处理机进行堆肥处理,分别测定比较堆肥产品的肥力特性和污染特性,并探讨其绿地应用适宜性。研究表明,总氮、总磷和有机质含量MIX>VW>FL,均值分别为23.8、3.88和525 g/kg,符合相关标准;重金属及可挥发性有机污染物含量很低,除FL产品的镍含量外均未超标;氯离子、动植物油含量均值分别高达11.1 g/kg和37.9 g/kg,施用于绿地时应控制用量;含水率、杂质含量较高,有臭味;种子发芽指数(GI)除MIX外均未达到50%。可见,原料对堆肥终产物有显著影响,VW比FL更适宜用于生产肥料,MIX产品比单一成分堆肥产品养分更均衡,毒性更低;餐厨垃圾肥料的绿地应用具有广阔前景,但需严格控制盐分及油脂含量,并改善堆肥工艺以提高产品质量。     

Residents’ concerns and attitudes toward a municipal solid waste landfill: integrating a questionnaire survey and GIS techniques

The ever-growing industry of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal appeals to the growing need for disposal facilities, and MSW treatment facilities are increasingly an environmental and public health concern. Residents living near MSW management facilities are confronted with various risk perceptions, especially odour. In this study, in an effort to assist responsible decision-makers in better planning and managing such a project, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to assess the nearby residents’ concerns and attitudes surrounding the Laogang Landfill in Shanghai. Geographic information system techniques and relevance analysis were employed to conduct the spatial analysis of physical perceptions, especially odour annoyance. The findings of the research indicate that a significant percentage of the responding sample was aware of the negative impacts of landfills on the environment and public health, and residents in close proximity preferred to live farther from the landfill. The results from the spatial analysis demonstrated a definite degree of correlation between odour annoyance and distance to the facility and proved that the benefits of the socially disadvantaged have been neglected. The research findings also direct attention to the important role of public participation, information disclosure, transparency in management, and mutual communication to avoid conflicts and build social trust.     

Selective redox degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds by Fenton reaction in pyrite suspension

Selective redox degradation of chlorinated aliphatics by Fenton reaction in pyrite suspension was investigated in a closed system. Carbon tetrachloride (CT) was used as a representative target of perchlorinated alkanes and trichloroethylene (TCE) was used as one of highly chlorinated alkenes. Degradation of CT in Fenton reaction was significantly enhanced by pyrite used as an iron source instead of soluble Fe. Pyrite Fenton showed 93% of CT removal in 140 min, while Fenton reaction with soluble Fe(II) showed 52% and that with Fe(III) 15%. Addition of 2-propanol to the pyrite Fenton system significantly inhibited degradation of TCE (99% to 44% of TCE removal), while degradation of CT was slightly improved by the 2-propanol addition (80-91% of CT removal). The result suggests that, unlike oxidative degradation of TCE by hydroxyl radical in pyrite Fenton system, an oxidation by the hydroxyl radical is not a main degradation mechanism for the degradation of CT in pyrite Fenton system but a reductive dechlorination by superoxide can rather be the one for the CT degradation. The degradation kinetics of CT in the pyrite Fenton system was decelerated (0.13-0.03 min⁻¹), as initial suspension pH decreased from 3 to 2. The formation of superoxide during the CT degradation in the pyrite Fenton system was observed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The formation at initial pH 3 was greater than that at initial pH 2, which supported that superoxide was a main reductant for degradation of CT in the pyrite Fenton system.     

生态混凝土净水新技术

介绍了用生态混凝土多层次多反复地降解和消除污染物质的污水处理方法，采用侧滤，首先对污水进行预处理，去除固体悬浮物质后，再经过推流式生态混凝土水处理装置，达到污水净化的目的；其次，通过在生态混凝土中掺加缓释性净水材料，提高了生态混凝土的净水效果和耐久性。     

成品油管道基于内检测的适用性评价与维修决策

目的 建立成品油管道基于内检测的适用性评价及维修决策方法.方法 针对某成品油管道内检测数据中的管道缺陷,进行缺陷尺寸特征与环焊缝关系等统计分析.考虑缺陷形态对管道安全运行的影响,结合国内外相关标准,制定成品油管道缺陷维修判定准则.结合缺陷强度评价、腐蚀速率计算以及剩余寿命预测,确定缺陷维修计划和再检测周期.结果 该管道内外腐蚀较突出,管道外部腐蚀缺陷分布相对较为均匀,而内部腐蚀缺陷分布较为集中.通过腐蚀缺陷点与最近环焊缝距离分析,发现疑似焊缝处防腐层补口失效3处.经评价分析,该管道建议无立即修复缺陷,所有93处腐蚀类金属损失缺陷计划响应时间都在5年内.通过管道适用性评价、腐蚀缺陷剩余寿命预测,确定管道再检测时间间隔为5年.结论 采用ASME B31G、分段腐蚀速率预测等方法实施管道完整性评价,并以此确定缺陷维修响应等级和时间具有较好的实施效果.当现场开展开挖修复工作后,应根据开挖测量结果修正管道缺陷维修计划.     

大型露天煤矿开发的生态影响评价

本文从生态学观点出发,综合评价了露采矿区的生态现状、开发影响及采取恢复措施后的生态质量。在评价中提出了欧氏空间距离法及路径分析法。该法简便易行,反映了生态系统中各因素间相互影响的网络关系。     

北京地区土壤重金属容量的研究

本文通过重金属对农作物、土壤微生物、土壤动物的影响试验,探索了重金属污染对土壤生态系统的综合影响,并以土壤生产力(农作物产量)的降低作为土壤生态系统稳定性受到破坏的主要标志拟定土壤容量。 在建立土壤容量的数学模式上,利用图论工具建立了土壤容量的结构模型,将已有的等比级数的模型作为一个特例包括在内,为土壤容量模型的研究探索了一条新途径。 本文以As为重点,提出了北京地区农田土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr的土壤容量范围值,并对污染发展趋势进行了预测,为北京地区环境质量的控制与治理提供依据。     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。