北京城区雨水径流水质及其主要影响因素

掌握城区雨水径流水质及其主要的影响因素是有效地利用城区雨水资源和控制城市非点源污染的基础。根据北京 1998— 2 0 0 0年大量的降雨径流水质数据 ,本文分析了城区屋面和道路雨水径流的水质变化规律及其主要影响因素城市雨水径流的水质很差 ,初期径流的污染程度甚至超过城市污水。除了空气质量的影响外 ,最重要的影响因素是屋面材料、道路类型及路面污染状况、气温、降雨强度、降雨量和降雨间隔时间等     

大气微生物粒子与飘尘粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和光散射气溶胶粒子计数器，在北京西单对大气细菌、真菌和飘尘粒子的浓度、粒度分布及它们之间的关系进行了观测和研究。结果表明，大气细菌的粒度是负偏态分布，大气真菌是对数正态分布，飘尘是正偏态分布。大气细菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为１１９５３８；夏季小，为２４２１７；年平均比值为６７５１７，＞２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为１５２５３８７，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３３１８，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３９４。大气真菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为２１２７７０；夏季小，为６５５８５；年平均比值为１３５３４４，＜２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为９５２６９８，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为５３４３，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为２６３２。     

猫儿山自然保护区生态受益者支付意愿及影响因素

利用问卷调查和条件估值法，以猫儿山自然保护区为例，基于保护区受益者视角，分析受益区居民对保护区的认知、支付意愿及其影响因素和支付方式，探讨自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建。结果表明：（1）受益区居民对猫儿山自然保护区基本情况不熟悉，但绝大多数受益者认同保护区与漓江中下游的水源密切相关。部分受访者不认同作为保护区生态效益受益者的身份；（2）8558%的受益者愿意为猫儿山自然保护区提供帮助，受益者的支付意愿为每户每年28789元，对受益者来说，保护区生态系统服务的经济价值为202×108元/a；（3）文化层次和家庭年收入与支付意愿的关系呈单调变化，职业的影响表现出企业员工的支付意愿最高，其次是教师，农民的支付意愿最低；（4）受益者支付意愿的方式偏好存在差异性，比起现金支付，受益者更倾向于通过参加环保公益活动和纳税的形式，支付保护区提供的生态效益。     

蔬菜与餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物分析

为了研究厌氧发酵启动阶段微生物菌群结构、数量变化情况与沼气产量的关系，分别对蔬菜废弃物和餐厨垃圾单一物料发酵进行分析，并测定pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、氧化还原电位。结果表明，餐厨垃圾比蔬菜废弃物的启动时间长，但产气持久。蔬菜废弃物中细菌达峰值的时间早于餐厨垃圾，说明蔬菜废弃物中的有机质更利于微生物降解利用。两种原料中的微生物群落结构变化一致，启动阶段初期好氧和兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌，其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌，是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖，13增殖速率由不足20％增长到近100％并保持稳定。厌氧纤维素降解菌在启动阶段增殖较慢，原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。原料液VFA中丁酸含量最多，最高浓度4．7mg／mL以上，占有机酸总量总量的46％以上，厌氧发酵类型为丁酸发酵型。     

Describing the annual cyclic behaviour of Be concentrations in surface air in Oceania

Surface air concentrations of ⁷Be at a number of stations in Oceania show a distinct annual cycle. We apply a sinusoidal model to describe this cycle. The results show that peak ⁷Be concentrations in surface air occur during early spring at tropical latitudes and during mid-to-late summer at middle latitudes. Comparison with available ⁹⁰Sr surface air data for the southern hemisphere indicates that stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange is an active atmospheric process controlling the ⁷Be annual cycle throughout the Oceania region. Vertical transport of air within the troposphere also seems to influence the observed annual cycle. Seasonality in rainfall is not thought to control the annual cyclic behaviour of ⁷Be in surface air.     

Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Using an Ionic Liquid

In this paper cellulose nanocrystals were prepared by treating microcrystalline cellulose with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid. Cellulose nanocrystals, after separation from ionic liquid, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis. XRD results showed no changes in type of cellulose after the treatment with ionic liquid, however, high crystallinity index was observed in the ionic liquid treated sample. Cellulose nanocrystals, having length around 50–300 nm and diameter around 14–22 nm were observed in the ionic liquid treated sample under FESEM and TEM, and similar patterns of peaks as that of microcrystalline cellulose were observed for cellulose nanocrystals in the FTIR spectra. The thermal stability of the cellulose nanocrystals was measured low as compare to microcrystalline cellulose.     

植草沟在城市面源污染控制系统的应用

暴雨径流造成的城市面源污染已引起广泛重视,为控制和削减进入受纳水体的径流污染负荷,各种技术措施得到发展,植草沟便是其中之一.植草沟是景观型地表沟渠排水系统,从植草沟定义、类型、设计计算、参数确定、运行维护及应用实例方面作了较详细介绍.植草沟在条件合适时可代替传统的雨水管道,具有很好的推广应用前景.     

Inherent risk assessment—A new concept to evaluate risk in preliminary design stage

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) has been a very popular and useful methodology which is widely accepted by the industry over the past few decades. QRA is typically carried out at a stage where complete plant has been designed and sited. At that time, the opportunity to include inherent safety design features is limited and may incur higher cost. This paper proposes a new concept to evaluate risk inherent to a process owing to the chemical it uses and the process conditions. The risk assessment tool is integrated with process design simulator (HYSYS) to provide necessary process data as early as the initial design stages, where modifications based on inherent safety principles can still be incorporated to enhance the process safety of the plant. The risk assessment tool consists of two components which calculate the probability and the consequences relating to possible risk due to major accidents. A case study on the potential explosion due to the release of flammable material demonstrates that the tool is capable to identify potential high risk of process streams. Further improvement of the process design is possible by applying inherent safety principles to make the process under consideration inherently safer. Since this tool is fully integrated with HYSYS, re-evaluation of the inherent risk takes very little time and effort. The new tool addresses the lack of systematic methodology and technology, which is one of the barriers to designing inherently safer plants.