冷高压影响下高层水平输送对珠海市三维臭氧浓度分布的影响分析

采用地基激光雷达系统测量了近地层臭氧、气溶胶消光系数和风场的垂直分布,研究了2021年11月一次典型臭氧污染过程的时空分布特征.11月16日—17日,在弱冷高压脊天气型下,以下沉气流为主,天气晴好,有利于臭氧生成,在下沉气流主导下,高层气团输送对污染物的分布起决定性作用.其中700 m高度以上气团来源是影响16日与17日臭氧浓度峰值出现时间的重要因子,当该高度气团来自洁净海面时,造成珠海臭氧污染的主要是低层深圳输送的臭氧,臭氧往往停留在珠江口,由夜间海风输送到珠海,污染发生的时间在傍晚,持续到夜间消散;而当该高度气团与低层一样来自于深圳、东莞时,各个高度的气团均携带上游城市生成的污染物,可在下沉气流的作用下直接达到地面,造成污染,污染发生的时间在午后,在本研究中由于下沉气流加强,进一步加强了海陆风,从而使臭氧在17日傍晚得到很好的清除.     

废弃日用品塑料中多溴联苯醚浸出特征及地下水健康风险

选择典型废弃日用品塑料,对特征处置场景下其PBDEs的浸出特征及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,日用品塑料在硫酸/硝酸、醋酸和腐殖酸溶液中达到溶出平衡时,∑21PBDEs释放量分别为20.00、63.65、125.60μg·kg-1,均以BDE209为主.进入生活垃圾填埋场的释放量高于堆存和简易填埋过程,在最不利条件下距填埋场下游500 m处地下水中PBDEs最大浓度为39.67μg·L-1,居民饮用地下水产生的非致癌风险指数为2.11×10-1,其中十溴代物(BDE209)的非致癌风险指数为1.85×10-1,均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.0),表明废旧日用品塑料可进入生活垃圾填埋场处置.     

乌鲁木齐市城区机动车大气污染物排放特征

对乌鲁木齐市城区车辆信息(包括车流量和车辆构成、车辆控制技术水平、车辆行驶工况、车辆启动分布等)进行调研和测试,并根据IVE模型计算得到机动车污染物排放清单,获得分车型、燃料类型及启动/运行方式的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明:2011年乌鲁木齐市机动车CO、NO_x、HC和PM的排放量分别为20.22×104、2.60×104、1.84×104和0.44×10~4t·a~(-1),机动车污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、公交车和重型货车是CO和HC主要排放源;重型货车和乘用车是NO_x的主要排放源;重型货车是PM的主要排放源.汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,柴油车是NO_x和PM排放的主要来源,天然气车各类污染物排放量均较低.控制柴油重型货车是消减机动车污染物排放的重要方式.     

湖南澧阳平原黑褐色土的稀土元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

通过对澧阳平原大量的野外考察、典型剖面玉成(YC)黑褐色土壤剖面的系统取样和室内粒度、稀土元素地球化学分析,以及OSL和AMS14C年代测定,探讨了黑褐色土的稀土地球化学特征,揭示了黑褐色土的形成年代、形成过程与形成环境.研究结果表明,黑褐色土层XREE变化范围分布在184.63-264.261μg·g-1,其平均值为207.93μg·g-1;低于剖面的∑REE总平均值219.87Pμg·g-1,与洞庭盆地的红土∑REE平均值(211.6μg·g-1)大体相当,但明显高于镇江下蜀黄土(207.7μg·g-1)和黄土高原黄土(159.2μg·g-1),表明YC剖面黑褐色土上经过了相对较强的风化成壤作用.YC剖面黑褐色土的稀土分布模式与该剖面黄土层、黄土高原黄土、镇江下蜀黄土和洞庭盆地风成红土等典型风成沉积物的分布模式具有一致性,而与河流沉积物、湖泊沉积物和基岩风化红土在稀土的分布模式上具有明显差别.而且,YC剖面沉积物粒度频率曲线呈明显的单峰分布,与典型河流相的双峰粒度频率分布存在显著差异;YC剖面位于澧阳平原中部台地上,比周边高5-10m,不可能是洪水作用沉积物;野外调查进一步表明,沉积物无水流作用痕迹;OSL和AMS14C年代测定表明,黑褐色土层形成的年代对应于23.8-10.6 ka BP,此年代对应于末次冰期的晚期,其形成于相对冷湿的气候环境.因此,黑褐色土层及其上、下部的黄土层均为风成堆积物.     

Concentrations and classification of HCHs and DDTs in soil from the lower reaches of the Jiulong River, China

Soil is an important source to other environmental media and organisms for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) bioaccumulation. Twenty-four representative surface soil samples were collected from the lower reaches of the Jiulong River, China, in 2009. The concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) ranged from 0.38 to 39.52 ng·g^?1, with a mean value of 9.51 ng·g^?1. The concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and their metabolites were within the ranges of 0.94–700.99 ng·g^?1, with a mean value of 71.17 ng·g^?1. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in the soil were lower than the first grade level (50 ng·g^?1) of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard (GB15618-1995). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Pearson’s bivariate Correlations Analysis (PCA) were used to analyse the distribution and contamination levels of OCPs in this region. The results showed that DDTs were the major contaminants and there were no significant correlations between various OCPs concentrations and the total organic carbon (TOC) contents. A significant positive correlation was observed between HCHs and DDTs (p<0.01), which indicates that HCHs and DDTs may have similar sources and fate in the study area.     

Determination of the persistence of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Sludge generated in waste water treatment process can be a major sink for some pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). The land application of sewage sludge (in the form of biosolids in the United States) can therefore potentially introduce PPCPs into the environment. After treatment, biosolids are often subjected to a storage period before land application. However, little information is available with regard to the fate of PPCPs in biosolids during the storage. In this work, the persistence of seven pharmaceuticals and one antibacterial was evaluated using ultrasonic extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The impacts of aeration and sunlight exposure were investigated. During the experiment, no elimination was observed for carbamazepine, triclosan, and ciprofloxacin while elimination was found for tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. Using an availability-adjusted kinetic model, the 50% dissipation time was 37 to >77d for tetracycline, 53 to >77d for doxycycline, 1.0-1.6d for clindamycin, 1.1-1.9d for clarithromycin, and 7.0-17d for erythromycin. Those compounds were found more persistent under anaerobic conditions than aerobic condition with a longer 50% dissipation time by a factor of 1.5-2. However, minor impact was observed from sunlight irradiation.     

四川省加油站挥发性有机物排放及控制现状

四川省汽车保有量2017年位列全国第7位,油品储运销过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放压力巨大。利用排放因子法,结合四川省4 492座加油站的油品销售量,编制了四川省2017年加油站VOCs排放清单。另一方面,对四川省不同片区的VOCs排放特征及油气回收关键参数进行了现场实测。结果表明:四川省加油站VOCs排放量共12 294.54t,排放区域主要集中在成都市、绵阳市和宜宾市等地区;四川省四大片区VOCs排放浓度,加油环节攀西片区最高,达到7 076.86μg/m~3,卸油环节川东北片区最高,达到9 638.53μg/m~3,均是其他片区的2～3倍,加油和卸油环节排放的异戊烷最高占比(质量分数)可分别达到70.1%和67.4%;四川省油气回收系统达标情况仍然比较严峻,不达标率高达47%,密闭性和气液比不达标率尤为显著,集中式油气回收系统不达标率高于分散式。     

Water and sediment quality in Qinghai Lake,China: a revisit after half a century

Qinghai Lake, situated on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, is the largest lake in China. In this study, the water and sediment quality were investigated in Qinghai Lake, three sublakes, and five major tributaries. Both Na⁺ and Cl^? were found to be the major ions present in Qinghai Lake and the three sublakes, while Ca²⁺ and HCO^3? dominated the tributaries. Compared with historical data from the 1960s, the concentrations of NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, and soluble reactive silica have increased considerably, likely caused by increased human activities in the area. Compared to the historical data, chemical oxygen demand has increased and lake water transparency has decreased, likely related to an increase in nutrient levels. Relatively high concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were observed in Qinghai Lake sediments, although P fraction types and low water concentrations of these two indicate low possibility of transfer into the water column. The ratios of C/N suggest that the organic matter in the sediments are primarily from autochthonous sources. TN and total organic carbon in the sediment cores increased slowly up the core while TP and total inorganic carbon have been fairly constant.     

基于热爆炸理论的煤燃点确定及动力学分析

为准确判断煤燃点,提高煤自燃灾害防治能力,依据热爆炸理论,结合煤自燃过程放热曲线,将煤自燃升温过程中微分热流曲线上第1处极小值点作为煤的燃点,计算煤着火前后放热过程动力学参数变化.结果表明:随升温速率增加,煤自燃反应放热过程逐渐向高温区域移动,煤燃点逐渐增大,反应的活化能逐渐减小;同一升温速率下燃点之后煤的活化能增大;...     

过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯热危险性实验研究

为了研究TBPB的热危险性,采用液体自燃点测试仪研究TBPB自燃点随浓度的变化规律,应用快速筛选量热仪研究不同升温速率下TBPB的热分解,同时利用差示扫描量热仪研究TBPB热流-温度变化规律。研究结果表明:当TBPB浓度为0.83 g/L时,自燃温度达到最低值125.1 ℃,浓度是影响其自燃温度的重要指标;随升温速率升高,初始分解温度逐渐升高,可见升温速率越高,TBPB分解的初始温度越高,当环境温度未达到初始分解温度时,相对较安全;TBPB最低起始反应温度为95.4 ℃,平均放热量为893.28 J/g,运用Kissinger,Ozawa 这2种方法得出E1=84 063.2 J/mol,E2=86 442.3 J/mol,指前因子为1.69×109,反应级数为0.92。其放热量较大,起始反应温度较低,热量无法及时移出时,极易发生燃烧爆炸事故。