东沙沙洲离岸潮间带风电场建设对鸟类的影响

对东沙沙洲离岸潮间带风电场的建设给鸟类造成的影响进行了调查。分析表明,噪声对东沙沙洲迁徙鸟类影响不大;光对夜间迁徙鸟类造成一定的影响;风机对候鸟迁徙影响不大,少数低飞候鸟可能存在撞机风险;风机基础和人工岛的永久占地造成的直接生物量损失为3.2 t/a,总计损失约64万元;风电场建设将使东沙沙洲鸟类栖息地面积减少81.5 km2,约占总栖息地面积的13.9%,但风机对鸻鹬类等中小型涉禽、水鸟的觅食影响不大,风电场区域仍可作为这些鸟类的觅食地。在影响分析的基础上提出了设计、施工、运营阶段相应的防范措施。     

Multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy for improved DOM characterization and water quality monitoring

Conventionally, resin fractionation (RF) method has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) found in different source waters based on general and broad DOM fractions grouping. In this study, a new refined method using multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (MSM-RF-EEMS) was developed for further isolation and characterization of subfractions within the primary DOM fractions separated from using the conventional RF method. Subsequently, its feasibility in indicating the occurrence of urban pollution in source waters was also assessed. Results from using the new MSM-RF-EEMS method strongly illustrated that several organic subfractions still exist within the regarded primary pure hydrophobic acid (HoA) fraction including the humic- and fulvic-like organic matters, tryptophan- and tyrosine-like proteins. It was found that by using the MSM-RF-EEMS method, the organic subfractions present within the primary DOM fraction could be easily identified and characterized. Further validation on the HoA fraction using the MSM-RF-EEMS method revealed that the constant association of EEM peak T1 (tryptophan) fraction could specifically be used to indicate the occurrence of urban pollution in source water. The correlation analysis on the presence of EEM peak T2 (tyrosine) fraction could be used as a supplementary proof to further verify the presence of urban pollution in source waters. These findings on using the presence of EEM peaks T1 and T2 within the primary HoA fraction would be significant and useful for developing a sensory device for online water quality monitoring.     

Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality

Stormwater is one of the last major untapped urban water resources that can be exploited as an alternative water source in Australia. The information in the current Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling relating to stormwater harvesting and reuse only emphasises on a limited number of stormwater quality parameters. In order to supply stormwater as a source for higher value end-uses, a more comprehensive assessment on the potential public health risks has to be undertaken. Owing to the stochastic variations in rainfall, catchment hydrology and also the types of non-point pollution sources that can provide contaminants relating to different anthropogenic activities and catchment land uses, the characterisation of public health risks in stormwater is complex, tedious and not always possible through the conventional detection and analytical methods. In this study, a holistic approach was undertaken to assess the potential public health risks in urban stormwater samples from a medium-density residential catchment. A combined chemical–toxicological assessment was used to characterise the potential health risks arising from chemical contaminants, while a combination of standard culture methods and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods was used for detection and quantification of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in urban stormwater. Results showed that the concentration of chemical contaminants and associated toxicity were relatively low when benchmarked against other alternative water sources such as recycled wastewater. However, the concentrations of heavy metals particularly cadmium and lead have exceeded the Australian guideline values, indicating potential public health risks. Also, high numbers of FIB were detected in urban stormwater samples obtained from wet weather events. In addition, qPCR detection of human-related pathogens suggested there are frequent sewage ingressions into the urban stormwater runoff during wet weather events. Further water quality monitoring study will be conducted at different contrasting urban catchments in order to undertake a more comprehensive public health risk assessment for urban stormwater.     

The future of water in Australia: The potential effects of climate change and ozone depletion on Australian water quality,quantity and treatability

Water is a resource that is essential for all life on Earth. An exponentially growing human population, in addition to unprecedented industrial and technological development, threaten the availability and quality of this resource. Climate change and ozone depletion are two major environmental problems facing mankind today. These problems have the potential to further strain currently available freshwater resources. Recent research has shown that climate change and ozone depletion are linked phenomena and their interaction exacerbates their impact. Changes in precipitation, surface runoff, solar UV radiation, temperatures, and evaporation are some of the predicted outcomes of climate change and ozone depletion. They influence the biogeochemical cycles and aquatic ecosystems in lakes and rivers, and alter the character of natural organic matter (NOM) and, consequently, they have the potential to affect the quality, quantity and treatability of our water resources. Given these uncertainties, and the need to mitigate the consequences of climate change and ozone depletion, the issues of changing water quality, quantity and treatability cannot be ignored by Australian governments and water utilities.     

植被下垫面Z0的估算及其改进影响评估

利用卫星遥感反演数据和多种观测资料,基于形态学-遥感反演的方法,估算我国主要植被下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度长度(Z₀),将其应用于区域大气化学模式(WRF-Chem)中改进模式默认Z₀值,并结合全国气象和污染物观测数据进行改进效果评估,探究Z₀改进对模式气象场和化学场模拟结果的影响.结果表明:(1)Z₀高值主要位于森林类下垫面,可超过1m;农田、草地类下垫面Z₀值较小,低于0.5m,其余植被下垫面的Z₀值基本介于两者之间.(2)Z₀改进后,10m风速(WS10)和地表温度(TSK)的改进效果较好,而2m温度(T2)和相对湿度(RH)的改进效果不明显;从空间分布和不同下垫面结果来看,Z₀对TSK主要是增温作用,对WS10是减小作用;就改进比(各要素改进后的模拟值与改进前的模拟值之差比上改进前的模拟值,下同)而言,Z₀改进对WS10的影响大于TSK.从对污染物浓度效果评估看,Z₀对PM_2.5和PM₁₀模拟改进效果较好,对其它污染物(SO₂、NO₂、O₃)的改进效果不明显.(3)对比气象要素和污染物浓度效果评估可知,Z₀改进对气象要素的影响大于污染物浓度,其主要是通过影响气象场来间接影响污染物浓度.总的来看,Z₀改进影响最大的是气象场的10m风速,考虑其原因在于改进后的Z₀普遍高于改进前模式默认Z₀值,而Z₀是表征地表粗糙度的变量,由于地表粗糙度的增加,增强了对气流的阻碍作用,使得近地层风速减小.     

Electric vehicle routing models and solution algorithms in logistics distribution: A systematic review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With the development of green logistics and the promotion of new energy vehicle development policies domestically and abroad, electric vehicles have...     

Systematic study on the relationship between particulate matter and microbial counts in hospital operating rooms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a systematic procedure for establishing the relationship between particulate matter (PM) and microbial counts in four operating rooms...     

Linking land degradation and restoration to ecosystem services balance by identifying landscape drivers: insights from the globally largest loess deposit area

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land degradation is one of the most serious environmental challenges that profoundly affects ecosystem services (ESs), which further threaten...     

Johnson-Ettinger蒸气入侵风险评估模型参数修正研究

Johnson-Ettinger蒸气入侵模型(J-E模型)作为目前应用最广泛的评价蒸气入侵潜在风险的筛选工具，其模型预测结果的准确性影响蒸气入侵风险的判断。通过对J-E模型进行敏感性分析，发现对其预测结果影响较大的参数依次为土壤毛细管层含水率、空气交换指数、封闭空间的体积以及毛细管层的厚度。基于以上分析结果，提出采用美国环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的饱和含水率对毛细管层含水率进行修正，毛细管层厚度采用VG方程描述的水分特征曲线拐点处的毛细管压头进行修正。修正后的J-E模型预测结果与三维数值模拟的计算结果较为吻合，两者的差距不到1个数量级。