The operation of cost-effective on-site process for the bio-treatment of mixed municipal solid waste in rural areas

The application of on-site waste treatment significantly reduces the need for expensive waste collection and transportation in rural areas; hence, it is considered of fundamental importance in developing countries. In this study, the effects of in-field operation of two types of mini-scale on-site solid waste treatment facilities on de-centralized communities, one using mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion combined with composting (TPAD, 50 kg/d) and another using decentralized composting (DC, 0.6–2 t/d), were investigated. Source-separated collection was applied to provide organic waste for combined process, in which the amount of waste showed significant seasonal variation. The highest collection amount was 0.18 kg/capital day and 0.6 kg/household day. Both sites showed good performance after operating for more than 6 months, with peak waste reduction rates of 53.5% in TPAD process and 63.2% in DC process. Additionally, the windrow temperature exceeded 55 °C for >5 days, indicating that the composting products from both facilities were safe. These results were supported by 4 days aerobic static respiration rate tests. The emissions were low enough to avoid any impact on nearby communities (distance <100 m). Partial energy could be recovered by the combined process but with complicated operation. Hence, the choice of process must be considered in case separately.     

2013—2020年泸沽湖溶解氧随时间变化规律及主要影响因素分析

泸沽湖坐落于川滇交界处,是中国典型高原淡水湖泊。对泸沽湖水质的客观评价对于其规划保护及保护成效评估极为重要。鉴于溶解氧常常成为决定泸沽湖水质类别的唯一关键指标,在综合分析泸沽湖2013—2020年连续8年水环境主要指标变化的基础上,着重分析了溶解氧随季节、年际等的变化情况及其主要影响因素。结果表明,溶解氧浓度及饱和率存在明显的季节和年际波动。其中:溶解氧浓度一般是在春季升至全年最高,夏季末降低,并在秋冬季维持低位;溶解氧饱和率则是夏秋季节最高,冬季最低。溶解氧浓度的季节变化与水温显著负相关,而溶解氧饱和率的季节变化和水温、pH显著正相关;溶解氧浓度及饱和率的年际变化与水质主要指标均不存在显著相关关系。受高海拔低气压影响,虽然采取了大气压和温度补偿校准,但泸沽湖溶解氧浓度仍不易达到Ⅰ类水质标准限值(7.5 mg/L);而优良的水质加之茂盛的水生植被使得其溶解氧饱和率长期处于较高水平,可以达到Ⅰ类标准限值(90%)。因此,在自然环境特征类似于泸沽湖的水质优良高原湖泊,优先以饱和率作为溶解氧的评价指标更为合理。     

An exposure assessment for selected pharmaceuticals within a watershed in Southern Ontario

Recent studies from a number of countries have shown that measurable concentrations of both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals can be found in a variety of environmental matrices such as surface and ground water, soils, and sediments. Few data are available that characterize the sources, exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment and there is clearly a need to define these parameters within a Canadian context. We present in this paper the first report in southern Ontario, Canada on the geographic and temporal distribution of pharmaceuticals detected within seven tributaries receiving primarily agricultural inputs in a typical watershed. Of the 28 pharmaceuticals surveyed, 14 were detected in the streams sampled (n=125). Temporal trends in concentration for five frequently detected pharmaceuticals show pulses occurring between May and November of 2003 at similar but varying times over the seasons, depending on the pharmaceuticals, flow rate, and precipitation. Fluctuations in concentration of ions indicative of agricultural run off, such as nitrate and phosphate, were not found to be useful predictors of changes in pharmaceutical concentration (P>0.4), however a significant correlation between dissolved organic carbon and monensin and carbamazepine concentrations were observed (P<0.013). Exposure profiles illustrating concentration distributions for three of the more prevalent pharmaceuticals detected, including lincomycin, monensin and carbamazepine, showed a log normal distribution, useful for calculating centiles of environmental concentrations. While distributions of estimated total potency of pharmaceuticals detected in the surface waters suggested small risks of environmental effects of mixtures to daphnia, green algae, Lemna gibba, and fish, the significance of non-target effects and impacts due to chronic low level exposures to chemical mixtures remains unclear.     

Photodegradation of 2,4-D induced by NO2- in aqueous solutions：The role of NO2

To elucidate the effect of nitrite ion （NO2^-） on the photodegradation of organic pollutants, a 300 W mercury lamp and Pyrex tubes restricting the transmission of wavelengths below 290nm were used to simulate sunlight, and the photodegradation processes of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D） with different concentrations of NO2^- in freshwater and seawater were studied. The effect of reactive oxygen species （ROS） on the photolysis of 2,4-D was also demonstrated using electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR）. The results indicated that the 2,4-D photolysis reaction followed the first-order kinetics in freshwater and seawater under different concentrations of NO2^-. Meanwhile, the photochemical reaction rate of 2,4-D increased with increasing concentration of NO2^-. When the concentration of NO2^- was lower than 23 mg/L, the photodegradation rate of 2,4-D in seawater was higher than that in freshwater. However, when the concentration of NO2^- was reached 230 mg/L, 2,4-D degradation slowed down in seawater. It was important to note that EPR spectra showed NO2 radical was generated in the NO5 solution under simulated sunlight irradiation, indicating that 2,4-D photodegradation could be induced by NO2. These results show the key role of NO2^- in photochemistry and are helpful for better understanding of the phototransformation of environmental contaminants in natural aquatic systems.     

浅析生物倍增工艺处理城镇污水

生物倍增（Bio—dopp）工艺是采用德国恩格拜公司研发的Bio—Dopp曝气系统、Bio—Dopp固定床及Bio—Dopp快速澄清装置等,将生物硝化反硝化、脱磷除氮及有机物氧化等工艺全部协调在同一反应池内同时进行。城镇污水厂在原有一期工程的基础上,进行二期提标扩建,并联一套Bio—Dopp反应池,同时新增一沉砂池和V型滤池,确保出水水质达标排放。     

改善通辽市环境质量的对策与建议

本文为改善“十二五”期间通辽市环境质量和生态环境质量,从政策、技术和管理角度提出对策措施,保证区域可持续化发展。     

重庆黑风洞石笋灰度记录的全新世季风气候变化

基于重庆地区黑风洞石笋HF01的~(230)Th年代数据、灰度数据、氧同位素数据和Fe含量数据,重建了长江中上游地区全新世季风变化历史。结果显示石笋HF01的灰度值主要响应东亚季风变化,石笋灰度序列能够记录东亚全新世季风气候变化历史,即全新世早中期东亚夏季风增强,在6 ka B.P.以后季风逐渐减弱。石笋HF01的灰度序列清晰地记录了一系列的Bond事件,显示石笋灰度值对气候环境变化敏感,是可靠的气候环境信息载体;也进一步证明东亚季风不仅受太阳辐射驱动,还受高纬地区千年尺度的气候变化影响。石笋HF01灰度序列功率谱所呈现的55 a周期与太平洋数10 a尺度涛动(PDO)的50~70a周期一致,45、25、23、22、18、12 a周期接近于太阳活动周期,说明在数十年至百年尺度上东亚季风可能受太平洋涛动和太阳活动的共同影响。     

地理信息系统在地下水防控区划中的应用研究

文章应用GIS软件及DRASTIC模型,选取黑龙江省某地级市进行了地下水污染现状评估、地下水污染荷载评估、地下水脆弱性评估、地下水功能价值评估及地下水污染风险防控分区.结果得出,地下水污染风险最高处位于研究区污染荷载较高的西北和西南部;中部和北部、南部的部分区域为中风险区域;其它为一般风险控制区域.研究成果为当地政府提出地下水污染防治对策和措施提供了理论依据.     

典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估

针对典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估,可以选取中国东北部某典型工业污染源,应用地下水有限差分软件Visual Modflow,在地下水水均衡计算的基础上,结合气象、地质、水文、水质等资料,建立了典型工业污染源地下水水流水质预测模型.研究了地下水运动规律及水中污染物迁移转化规律,预测出未来两年内的地下水流及水质变化情况,为当地政府提出地下水污染防治对策和措施提供了理论依据.这样可以利用中国东北部某典型工业污染源,为地下水的保护提供保障.     

厦门市森林生态系统固碳服务评估

生态系统固碳服务是生态系统服务评估的重要指标之一,也是区域碳循环研究的重要组成部分,可以为减缓气候变化的区域碳管理提供决策依据.以厦门市森林生态系统为研究对象,选取VPM（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）和ReRSM（Remote Sensing Model for Ecosystem Respiration）评估其2015年的固碳服务,并阐明其固碳服务的时空变异.结果表明:2015年厦门市森林生态系统固碳量（以C计）为31.36×104 t/a,平均固碳量为644.86 g/（m2·a）,其时间动态总体呈单峰曲线分布,但受台风影响该曲线波动较大.厦门市森林生态系统固碳量空间格局总体表现为西北边缘地区较高、其他地区相对较低,与DEM的空间分布较为相似,且绝大部分区域为碳汇区.厦门市分区统计显示,同安区森林生态系统面积和固碳量均最大,分别占厦门市总量的52.58%和57.10%,其与翔安区、集美区的固碳量之和占厦门市总量的88.27%,是厦门市森林生态系统固碳的主体;湖里区固碳量最少,平均固碳量仅为14.25 g/（m2·a）,几乎为碳中性.研究显示,厦门市森林生态系统具有较好的固碳能力.