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51.
The frequency and intensities of dust exposures in and near farm fields, which potentially contribute to high intensity human exposure events, are undocumented due to the transient nature of local dust plumes and the difficulties of making accurate concentration measurements. The objective of this study is to measure near-field spatial concentrations of the dust plumes emitted during tilling and harvesting of an irrigated cotton field outside of Las Cruces, NM (soil class: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Calciargid). A comparison of remote lidar measurements of plumes emitted from cotton field operations with in situ samplers shows a strong agreement between the two techniques: r2 = 0.79 for total suspended particulates (TSP) and r2 = 0.61 for particulate matter with diameter less than or equal to 10 microm (PM10). Plume movement was dependent on the short-term wind field and atmospheric stability. Horizontal spread rate of the plumes, determined from lidar measured Gaussian dispersion parameters, was less than expected by a factor of 7. Thus, in-plume downwind concentrations were higher than expected. Vertical dispersion was dependent on the rise of "cells" of warm air convecting off the soil surface. On a windy day, discing the field showed TSP and PM10 concentrations at the source itself of up to 176 microg m(-3) and 120 microg m(-3), respectively. These resulted in in-plume peak TSP concentrations of about 1.22 microg m(-3) at 10 m downwind and 0.33 microg m(-3) at 100 m downwind. The measured concentrations highlight a potential exposure risk to people in and around farming operations. 相似文献
52.
Kathrine Hauge Madsen Preben Bach Holm Jesper Lassen Peter Sandøe 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2002,15(3):267-278
In public debate GMPs are oftenreferred to as being unnatural or a violationof nature. Some people have serious moralconcerns about departures from what is natural.Others are concerned about potential risks tothe environment arising from the combination ofhereditary material moving across naturalboundaries and the limits of scientificforesight of long-term consequences. To addresssome of these concerns we propose that anadditional element in risk assessment based onthe concept of familiarity should beintroduced. The objective is to facilitatetransparency about uncertainties inherent inthe risk assessment of the GMP. Familiarityconventionally involves data and experiencerelating to the plant species and the ecosystemin question. We would like to extend thisconcept to the molecular level of plantbreeding and suggest that GMP characteristicsshould be compared to a reference baselinedetermined by conventional breeding techniques.Three GMPs are ranked according to familiarityat the plant and ecosystem level and themolecular level. The approach may help tointegrate discussion of the scientificarguments and moral questions raised in thedebate about GMOs by providing an operationalscheme within which moral concerns are broughtwithin the framework of science-based riskassessment. 相似文献
53.
Ieva Miceikaite Christina Fagerberg Charlotte Brasch-Andersen Pernille Mathiesen Torring Britta Schlott Kristiansen Qin Hao Lene Sperling Mette Holm Ibsen Katrin Löser Eske Alf Bendsen Lilian Bomme Ousager Martin Jakob Larsen 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(9):1132-1141
Objective
This study aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of prenatal genetic testing using trio whole exome sequencing (WES) and trio whole genome sequencing (WGS) in pregnancies with fetal anomalies by comparing the results with conventional chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis.Methods
A total of 40 pregnancies with fetal anomalies or increased nuchal translucency (NT ≥ 5 mm) were included between the 12th and 21st week of gestation. Trio WES/WGS and CMA were performed in all cases.Results
The trio WES/WGS analysis increased the diagnostic yield by 25% in cases with negative CMA results. Furthermore, all six chromosomal aberrations identified by CMA were independently detected by WES/WGS analysis. In total, 16 out of 40 cases obtained a genetic sequence variant, copy number variant, or aneuploidy explaining the phenotype, resulting in an overall WES/WGS diagnostic yield of 40%. WES analysis provided a more reliable identification of mosaic sequence variants than WGS because of its higher sequencing depth.Conclusions
Prenatal WES/WGS proved to be powerful diagnostic tools for fetal anomalies, surpassing the diagnostic yield of CMA. They have the potential to serve as standalone methods for prenatal diagnosis. The study highlighted the limitations of WGS in accurately detecting mosaic variants, which is particularly relevant when analyzing chorionic villus samples. 相似文献54.
Understanding adsorption processes of butyltins (BTs) such as monobutyltin (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) by black carbons is important for the evaluation of BT exposure risks to organisms and humans. However, relevant knowledge is scarce. In this study, the acidity constants pKa,1 = 2.3, pKa,2 = 3.5 and pKa,3 = 5.9 for MBT and pKa,1 = 3.0 and pKa,2 = 5.1 for DBT are estimated via potentiometric titration. Additionally, adsorption isotherms of BTs to a wheat charcoal were determined. The adsorption behavior was observed to be pH-dependent due to BT speciation and the pH-dependent surface charge of the charcoal. MBT adsorption to the charcoal decreases with increasing pH from 4 to 8, while the highest adsorption occurs at pH 6 for DBT. Adsorption of the BTs is successfully described in the pH range of 3-10 by using a newly developed pH-dependent Dual Langmuir model. The model has the potential to predict the interaction of BT species with charcoal, which can contribute to the risk assessments of BTs in the environment. 相似文献
55.
Olaf Holm Elia Wollik Teresa Johanna Bley 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2018,11(4):250-260
Small grain size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. Investigations with a centrifugal concentrator were carried out using samples, which had been treated with different impact devices. Partly the impacts of single devices were visible in outlines, but mostly the surfaces of the metals were still covered with mineral residues. To generate copper rich fractions, parameters of the separation process should ensure mass yields <2%, best between 0.5 and 1%. The density of the concentrates is then generally >3.2 g/cm3. Best results were achieved with material from a special treatment train which is adapted to grain sizes <2 mm. Reliable copper contents between 20 and 40% (single runs >50%) could be realised. However, considering the required mass yields, referred to this subset only 150–170 g copper would be recovered from 1 Mg MSWI BA. Furthermore, this copper is only in parts present in elemental form. A dependable added value of such treatment step seems to be given only, if that enables a recycling of the mineral aggregates (tailings) in parallel to avoid landfill costs. 相似文献
56.
Removal of radionuclides at a waterworks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A waterworks with an average production rate of 1.3 m3 s(-1), providing several large cities in the province of Scania with drinking water has been studied regarding its capacity to remove several natural and anthropogenic radionuclides. The raw water is surface water from lake Bolmen which is transported through an 80 km long tunnel in the bedrock before it enters the waterworks. The method used for purification is a combination of coagulation-flocculation and filtration in sand filters. Two different purification lines are currently in use, one using Al2(SO4)3 as a coagulant and one using FeCl3. After coagulation and flocculation the precipitate is removed and the water is passed through two different sand filters (rapid filtration and slow filtration). Water samples were collected at the lake, the inlet to the waterworks, after each of the flocculation basins (Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3), after rapid filtration and from the municipal distribution network. The samples were analysed with respect to their content of uranium, thorium, polonium, radium, plutonium and caesium. The results show a high removal capacity for uranium (about 85%), thorium (>90%), plutonium (>95%) and polonium (>90% in the coagulation-flocculation process) while caesium, strontium and radium pass through the purification process with almost unchanged activity concentrations. During transportation of the water in the tunnel it was also observed that infiltration of groundwater leads to a change in isotopic ratios and/or activity concentrations for the naturally occurring radionuclides and plutonium. 相似文献
57.
Discharges of the nuclides 129I, 137Cs and 99Tc from the nuclear reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France) are very useful as oceanic tracers. On the basis of 129I/127I, 137Cs and 99Tc measurements in archived seaweeds, the ratios of 129I/127I, 129I/137Cs and 129I/99Tc have been estimated in seawater at two locations (Utsira and Kiberg) in the Norwegian Coastal Current from 1980 to 1998. These ratios, which vary up to two orders of magnitude over this period, are potentially very interesting for determining "transit times" in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. While the long-term trends in these ratios are quite clear, measurements in monthly and bimonthly samples show considerable structure. Further studies are required to determine the exact origin of this structure, which may be a limiting factor in the time resolution that can be obtained with these parameters. 相似文献
58.
Vintró LL McMahon CA Mitchell PI Josefsson D Holm E Roos P 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2002,60(1-2):73-89
New data on the levels and long-range transport of plutonium in the Arctic Ocean, recorded in the course of two expeditions to this zone in 1994 and 1996, are discussed in this paper. Specifically, approximately 100 plutonium measurements in surface and sub-surface water sampled at 58 separate stations throughout the Kara, Laptev and East Siberian Seas, as well as along latitudinal transects across the Lomonosov Ridge, are reported and interpreted in terms of the circulation pathways responsible for the transport of this element from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Shelf and into the Arctic interior. In addition, the behaviour of plutonium in its transit through the vast Arctic shelf seas to open waters under extreme environmental conditions is discussed in terms of the partitioning of plutonium between filtered (<0.45 microm) seawater and suspended particulate, and its association with colloidal matter. Finally, limited evidence of the presence of a colloidal plutonium component in Arctic waters subject to direct riverine input is adduced. 相似文献
59.
Lindahl P Ellmark C Gäfvert T Mattsson S Roos P Holm E Erlandsson B 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2003,67(2):145-156
The activity concentration of (99)Tc in brown seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus) and seawater were analysed in samples collected in 1991, 1995 and 2001 at several stations along the Swedish west coast. In addition to these locations, a well-defined site (S?rdal, 56.76 degrees N, 12.63 degrees E) was included with (99)Tc activity concentration data in seaweed from 1967 to 2000. Over the years, the major source of (99)Tc in the coastal waters of western Sweden has been the radioactive liquid discharge from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Sellafield (UK) transported via ocean currents in the North Sea. The (99)Tc activity concentration in seaweed at the S?rdal site increased from approximately 30 Bq kg(-1) up to 230 Bq kg(-1) (dry weight) between 1997 and 2000 due to the Sellafield EARP (Enhanced Actinide Removal Plant) discharges in 1995-1996, yielding an approximate transport time of 4-5 years between the Irish Sea and the Kattegat. Due to the very sharp gradient in (99)Tc concentration between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, (99)Tc is presently one of the best transit tracers for the recent ventilation events in the Baltic Sea. 相似文献
60.
Bente Kjærgård Jesper Holm Henning Schroll Per Homann Jespersen 《The Environmentalist》1994,14(4):243-251
Summary In 1986, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency established a new regulatory system aimed at small-scale polluting activities. Contrary to the dominant regulatory system based on individual standards for each polluting activity, the new regulatory system established uniform and fixed environmental standards for all activities within a trade. The fixed standards concern location, design and daily operation. Thus far, the new regulatory system has been implemented in the trades of fur farms and auto-repair shops.This study shows that fixed environmental standards reduce the total administrative costs, intensify local monitoring and enforcement of the standards, and improve the environmental state. It is proposed that the following criteria should be considered if the regulatory system is to be implemented in other trades. The trade should consist of many units and be characterised by a moderate pace of technological development, it should posses well-defined and well-known environmental problems, and have a cooperative trade association. In Denmark several trades have been identified as obvious objects for future regulation by fixed environmental standards.Bente Kjærgård is a Research Associate in the Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies at Roskilde University. Correspondence should be addressed to this author. The other authors are Associate Professors in the same Department. Each author possesses a research degree as follows: Per Homann Jespersen in Chemical Engineering, Henning Schroll in Biology, Jesper Holm in Technological Planning, and Bente Kjærgård in Environmental Planning. 相似文献