中国生态脆弱区叶面积指数变化的主导气象因子研究

开展气候变化背景下中国生态脆弱区叶面积指数（LAI）变化的主导气象因子研究,对揭示该区陆地生态系统的变化规律和生态系统对气候变化的动态响应具有重要意义,并为生态恢复建设提供科学依据。基于CN0 5.1气象数据和全球陆表特征参量（GLASS）LAI产品,利用主成分分析方法研究了中国生态脆弱区1982—2017年LAI的变化特征及其主导气象因子。结果显示：1982—2017年,中国生态脆弱区气温基本呈上升趋势,而降水趋势的区域差异显著。大部分生态脆弱区LAI呈增长趋势,包括干旱半干旱、黄土高原、青藏高原和西南岩溶山地石漠化脆弱区大部,以及北方农牧林草脆弱区西部和东南部、南方农牧脆弱区北部和东南部。中国生态脆弱区LAI增长的主导气象因子是气温,其中生态脆弱区大部LAI增长的主导气象因子是日平均气温,而干旱半干旱脆弱区西部和南方农牧脆弱区LAI增长的主导气象因子分别是和日最低和最高气温。研究表明,在研究时段升温对我国生态脆弱区植被生长有积极影响,但在一些区域受湿度状况调制。     

系统性、整体性与协同性：黄河流域高质量发展的思维与策略——写在专辑刊发之后的话

黄河流域是中华文明的重要发祥地,是我国重要的生态廊道和经济地带,也是我国开发历史最为悠久、人地矛盾最为紧张的区域之一。黄河流域生态保护和经济发展对于国家生态安全、经济社会现代化和文化传承发展具有重要意义。作为复杂巨系统,黄河流域的自然资源状况和人类活动变迁深刻影响着区域城乡发展,充分研究流域内各类要素的相互作用是实现流域人地和谐、有序发展的关键。     

A highly porous animal bone-derived char with a superiority of promoting nZVI for Cr(VI) sequestration in agricultural soils

Paddy soil and irrigation water are commonly contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] near urban industrial areas, thereby threatening the safety of agricultural products and human health. In this study, we develop a porous and high specific area bone char (BC) to support nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and apply it to remediate Cr(VI) pollution in water and paddy soil under anaerobic conditions. The batch experiments reveal that BC/nZVI exhibits a higher removal capacity of 516.7 mg/(g?nZVI) for Cr(VI) than nZVI when normalized to the actual nZVI content, which is 2.8 times that of nZVI; moreover, the highest nZVI utilization is the nZVI loading of 15% (BC/nZVI15). The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of BC/nZVI15 decreases with increasing pH (4 – 10). Coexisting ions (phosphate and carbonate) and humic acid can inhibit the removal of Cr(VI) with BC/nZVI15. Additionally, BC exhibits a strong advantage in promoting Cr(VI) removal by nZVI compared to the widely used biochar and activated carbon. Our results demonstrate that reduction and coprecipitation are the dominant Cr(VI) removal mechanisms. Furthermore, BC/nZVI15 shows a significantly higher reduction and removal efficiency as well as a strong anti-interference ability for Cr(VI) in paddy soil, as compared to nZVI. These findings provide a new effective material for remediating Cr(VI) pollution from water and soil.     

零价铁与微生物耦合修复地下水的研究进展

主要总结了零价铁与微生物耦合体系修复污染地下水的作用效能与机制,介绍了零价铁与微生物耦合体系中零价铁的和微生物的主要来源及特征,总结了该耦合技术对地下水中氯代烃、重金属以及硝酸盐的去除效能、作用机制以及产物,由于零价铁与微生物之间的协同作用,相较于单一体系,耦合体系对多种污染物的去除效率具有明显的优势,且耦合体系中污染物的去除产物更加无害化.此外,从材料本身与环境因子两个方面概述了零价铁与微生物耦合体系降解效率的影响因素,阐明了零价铁与微生物之间的交互作用机制.零价铁的毒性作用和刺激作用对微生物的生长与群落变化起到了重要作用,同时微生物的存在影响了零价铁的电子传递与钝化产物的构成.最后,提出了零价铁与微生物耦合体系的未来研究需求,总结了该技术的优势与不足,有利于该技术在地下水修复中的高效应用.     

热活化过硫酸盐联合混凝处理微乳浊液的机理

在冶金冷轧微乳浊液中,醚链较长、αH较多的非离子型表面活性剂的存在导致体系稳定性极高而难于降解,利用热活化过硫酸盐（PS）进行破乳预处理,并联合混凝作用,以实现高效的油水分离.本文研究了PS浓度、体系温度、pH值对上述反应的影响,根据电子顺磁共振等分析技术确定了作用自由基类型及其贡献率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析了反应前后微乳浊液成分,根据激光粒度法测定了反应过程油滴粒径,结果表明：增大PS浓度和温度、降低pH值均有利于提高COD去除率;降解过程包括SO₄^-.、OH^.破乳及聚合硫酸铁促使强疏水性油滴脱稳,且SO₄^-.为破乳主导自由基（贡献率86.33%）;基于联合工艺的COD去除率和运行成本均优于热活化PS单一工艺.     

同化和共代谢降解氯苯菌株的筛选与特性研究

基于污染场地,筛选了一株可降解氯苯（CB）的微生物,经鉴定该菌株属于粘质沙雷氏菌属（Serratia marcescans）,命名为Serratia marcescans TF-1.同化降解结果表明,该菌株能够在有氧的条件下以CB为唯一碳源和能源,菌体平均增长速率为0.0063~0.022g_cell/（mol_CB·h）,最大比生长速率（μ_max）为0.015~0.42h^-1,CB降解速率（V_CB）为1.35~4.47mol/（g_cell·h）,菌株对CB最高耐受浓度高于200mg/L.共代谢降解结果显示,TF-1可以琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠为底物共代谢降解CB;氯苯浓度（c_CB）<80mg/L时,μ_{max（柠檬酸钠）}（0.21~0.87h^-1）>μ_{max（琥珀酸钠）}（0.20~0.81h^-1）,V_{CB（柠檬酸钠）}（0.15~0.47mol/（g_cell·h））<V_{CB（琥珀酸钠）}（0.17~0.48mol/（g_cell·h））;c_CB>80mg/L时,μ_{max（柠檬酸钠）}（0.086~0.21h^-1）<μ_{max（琥珀酸钠）}（0.17~0.25h^-1）,V_{CB（柠檬酸钠）}（0.61~1.11mol/（g_cell·h））>V_{CB（琥珀酸钠）}（0.56~0.95mol/（g_cell·h））,表明共代谢降解过程中,CB浓度,底物种类是调控污染降解的重要因素.最后考察了温度、pH值和接种量对TF-1降解CB的影响,结果发现,该菌株适宜生长的温度范围为20~35℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜生长pH值为5~9,最适pH值为7;最适接种量为5%.与现有菌株比较发现TF-1的温度和pH值适用范围更广,降解能力更强,污染物耐受浓度更高,既能同化又能共代谢降解CB,在贫营养和富营养污染场地中应用潜力更大.本研究可为原位CB污染场地修复提供有效的生物资源.     

g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2光催化材料降解模拟污水中氨氮

以自制的g-C₃N₄和氧化石墨烯（GO）及TiO₂为原料,通过静电吸附组装、水热还原等反应过程制备以还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）为光生电子传输介质的g-C₃N₄/rGO/TiO₂光催化材料,并通过冷场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱（UV-Vis-DRS）、光电流密度测试等方法对催化剂形貌结构和光学性能进行了表征.选择含氮浓度为50mg/L的氨氮溶液作为模拟原水,调节氨氮溶液的pH值至9~10,研究了该光催化材料在氙灯照射下的氨氮去除效果.结果表明,g-C₃N₄/rGO/TiO₂光催化材料的SEM照片显示其为TiO₂包覆结构,复合材料的XRD图谱同时出现了TiO₂和g-C₃N₄的衍射峰,DRS光谱则体现出复合材料在可见光区的光吸收能力明显增强;对氨氮的去除实验表明原材料GO：g-C₃N₄=1：10的复合光催化材料有较好的光催化降解氨氮的性能,氨氮平均去除率为97%.通过采用电子顺磁共振（EPR）测定反应过程中的活性自由基,推测降解机理为：复合光催化剂在氙灯照射下生成的超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基直接在材料表面对吸附的NH₃进行氧化,而rGO则作为光催化材料的传输介质起到了传导光生电荷的作用.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）,研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质（PN）是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂（CER）处理后,0.5~1.4mm、1.4~2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPS Zeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.     

Urinary analysis reveals high Alternaria mycotoxins exposure in the general population from Beijing, China

Alternaria mycotoxins are of concern due to its adverse health effect, they affect various cereal crops and grain-based food along with modified forms that contribute to overall exposure. This study aimed to determine the frequency and level of exposure to Alternaria mycotoxins (tenuazonic acid, TeA; alternariol, AOH; alternariol monomethyl ether, AME; tentoxin, TEN; and altenuene, ALT) in human urine from Beijing adults. A total of 2212 urine samples were collected and analyzed for five mycotoxins using LC–ESI–MS/MS. More than 98% of the samples had at least one Alternaria mycotoxin detected. Among the mycotoxins, AME had the highest detection rate (96.0%), followed by TeA (70.5%). The calculated average daily intake values of AME (12.5 ng/kg b.w.) was 5 times the TTC value (2.5 ng/kg b.w.) set by the EFSA, indicating the potential health risks associated with mycotoxins. Immediate attention and subsequent actions should be taken to identify the sources of mycotoxins and the corresponding exposure pathways to humans in the investigated regions.     

Effects of co-exposure to lead and manganese on learning and memory deficits

Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) are common neurotoxins. However, individuals are subject to co-exposures in real life, and it is therefore important to study these metals in combination. Weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad libitum access to drinking water solutions containing Pb (100 mg/L), Mn (2.5 mg/mL) or a mixture, and each treatment had its own minocycline (50 mg/(kg•day)) supplement group. The results showed a significant difference in spatial memory and induction levels of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in all exposure groups when compared with controls. The combined-exposure group exhibited the most pronounced effect when compared with each of the single-metal exposure groups. Microglia displayed activation at day 3 after exposure alone or in combination, while astrocytes showed activation at day 5, accompanied by decreased expression levels of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS. Furthermore, the levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft increased significantly. When microglial activation was inhibited by minocycline, the activation of astrocytes and the expression of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS were both reversed. In addition, upon minocycline treatment, hippocampal LTP impairment and cognitive injury were significantly alleviated in each of the exposure groups. These results suggest that combined exposure to Pb and Mn can cause greater effects on cognition and synaptic plasticity when compared to single-metal exposure groups. The reason may involve abnormal activation of microglia leading to excessive regulation of astrocytes, resulting in glutamate reuptake dysfunction in astrocytes and leading to perturbed cognition and synaptic plasticity.